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Proposed Overlapping Mechanisms for HIV Potentiation of Liver Disease
| Enhanced oxidative stress and TGF-beta induction |
| HIF-1, Hippo, YAP, LPA signaling effects |
| Adaptive immune dysfunction (eg, CD4+ T-cell depletion) |
| Alterations in Kupffer cell physiology |
| Lipodystrophy and adipocyte effects |
| Enhanced microbial translocation |
Abbreviations: HIF-1, hypoxia-inducible factor-1; LPA, lysophosphatidic acid; TGF-beta, transforming growth factor-beta; YAP, yes-associated protein.
