Table 3.

The biological functions of exosomal ncRNAs in MS, stroke, epilepsy, ASL, and depression.

Diseases	Classification of ncRNA	ncRNAs	Targets	Biological function	Reference
Multiple sclerosis	miRNA	miR-326	Ets-1, CD47	Inducing TH17 differentiation and maturation in the immunopathogenesis	Azimi et al. (2019)
		Let-7i	IGF1R, TGFBR1	Decreasing IGF1R/TGFBR1 expression on CD4+ T cells	Kimura et al. (2018)
		miR-229	MBP	Inducing myelination and oxidative tolerance	Pusic et al. (2016)
Stroke	miRNA	miR-126	BDNF/TrkB/Akt	Mediating the decrease of infarct volume and cell apoptosis and increase of microvessel density	Wang J. et al. (2020)
			TNF-α, IL-1β	Mediates the inhibition of neuroinflammation
		miR-17-92	PTEN	Mediating the increase of neural plasticity and functional recovery after stroke	Xin et al. (2017)
		miR-134	IL-6, hs-CRP	Mediating the intercellular brain injury in ischemic stroke	Zhou et al. (2018)
Epilepsy	miRNA	miR-346	GABRA5	Inducing depression of inhibitory neurotransmission	Gitai et al. (2020)
		miR-331-3p	mTOR	Inducing the abnormal electrical brain activity
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	miRNA	miR-155	P2ry12, Egr1, Csf1r	Suppressing microglia phagocytosis functions and lead to neuroinflammation	Vaz et al. (2019)
		miR-146	TNF-α, IL-1β, HMGB1	Inducing inflammation in ALS
		miR-494-3p	SEMA3A	Mediating the decrease of motor neuron survival in vitro	Varcianna et al. (2019)
Depression	miRNA	miR-9-5p	IL-1β, IL-6 and (TNF-α)	Promoting M1 polarization in microglia and exacerbating depression symptom	Xian et al. (2022)