Table 5.

The biomarker potential of exosomal ncRNAs in Parkinson’s diseases and stroke.

Diseases	Classification of ncRNA	ncRNAs	Regulation	ROC analysis	Biomarker potential	Source of exosome	Reference
Parkinson disease	miRNA	miR-34a-5p	Up	AUC = 0.740	A potential biomarker for PD diagnosis	Plasma	Grossi et al. (2021)
		miR-331-5p	Up	AUC = 0.849	Biomarkers for PD diagnosis	Plasma	Yao et al. (2018)
		miR-505	Down	AUC = 0.898
		miR-19b	Down	AUC = 0.753 sensitivity = 68.8% specificity = 77.5%	Biomarkers for PD diagnosis	Serum	Cao et al. (2017)
		miR-24	Up	AUC = 0.908 sensitivity = 81.7% specificity = 85.0%
		miR-195	Up	AUC = 0.697 sensitivity = 82.6% specificity = 55.0%
		miR-1	Down	AUC = 0.920	Reliable biomarkers for PD diagnosis	CSF	Gui et al. (2015)
		miR-409-3p	Up	AUC = 0.970
		miR-19b-3p	Down	AUC = 0.705
		miR-10a-5p	Up	AUC = 0.900
	lncRNA	RP11-462G22.1, PCA3	Up	-		CSF	Gui et al. (2015)
		POU3F3	Up	AUC = 0.763 sensitivity = 68% specificity = 72%	A biomarker is significantly correlated with PD severity and for PD diagnosis	Plasma	Zou et al. (2020) and Kuo et al. (2021)
		AK127687, AX747125, SNCA-AS1, UCHL1-AS1, PINK1AS1, MAPT-AS1	Down	-	Representing novel targets for PD diagnosis	Blood	Elkouris et al. (2019)
Stroke	miRNA	miR-134	Up	AUC = 0.834 sensitivity = 75.3% specificity = 72.8%	A novel biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of stroke	Serum	Zhou et al. (2018)
		miR-223	Up	-	A potential biomarker correlated with stroke severity and stroke diagnosis	Blood	Chen et al. (2017b)
		miR-21-5p	Up	AUC = 0.714 (vs. SIS) AUC = 0.734 (vs. RIS)	Biomarkers for different phases and diagnoses of stroke	Plasma	Wang et al. (2018)
		miR-30a-5p	Up	AUC = 0.826 (vs. HIS)
		miR-9 miR-124	Up	AUC = 0.8026 AUC = 0.6976	Promising biomarkers for the ischemic stroke diagnosis and predict the ischemic damage	Serum	Ji et al. (2016)