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. 2022 Nov 21;12:20060. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-24657-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Incidence of the development of AFL, dyspnoea and both among subjects who underwent follow-up assessment. Incidence rates of AFL, dyspnoea, and both (AFL with dyspnoea) at follow-up in groups with normal respiratory function and subclinical respiratory dysfunction at enrolment (N = 5086). A GOLD grade ≥ 2 was defined as the development AFL with %FEV1 < 80%. AFL airflow limitation, FEV₁ forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FVC forced vital capacity. *Two subjects had both FEV₁/FVC < LLN and %FEV1 < 80% at baseline. ^†P value < 0.05 compared with normal respiratory function.