Table 2.

Published randomized controlled studies on laparoscopic versus open PD

Name of study and author	Year	Country	Study design	Number of patients included	Inclusion criteria	Outcomes
PLOT Palanivelu et al. [37]	2017	India	Single-center, non-blinded RCT	32 LPD vs. 32 OPD	All malignancies requiring a PD Patients aged 30–70 years	Shorter hospital stays for LPD More blood loss and higher surgical site infection for OPD
PADULAP Poves et al. [38]	2018	Spain	Single-center, non-blinded RCT	34 LPD vs. 32 OPD	All conditions (benign or malignant) requiring a PD Patients aged 18 years or older	Reduced major morbidity and shorter LOS for LPD No differences in oncological outcomes
LEOPARD-2 van Hilst et al. [39]	2019	The Netherlands	Multicenter, patient-blinded RCT	50 LPD vs. 49 OPD	All conditions (benign and malignant) requiring a PD Patients aged 18 years or older	Higher mortality rate for LPD
Wang et al. [40]	2021	China	Multicenter, non-blinded RCT	297 LPD vs. 297 OPD	All conditions (benign and malignant) requiring a PD Patients aged 18–75 years	Shorter hospital stay for LPD Longer operative time, less blood loss and fewer blood transfusions for LPD Mobilization, oral food intake, and removal of nasogastric tube all happened 1 day earlier for LPD