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. 2022 Nov 9;3:1031368. doi: 10.3389/fpain.2022.1031368

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© 2022 Gazi, Harrison, Lambert, Nawar, Obideen, Driggers, Vaccarino, Shah, Rozell, Bikson, Welsh, Inan and Bremner.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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CONSORT diagram. Of the 31 patients assessed for eligibility, 8 patients were excluded or declined to participate. The remaining 23 patients were randomized to exclusively receive either active transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation (tcVNS) or sham stimulation. Two participants’ data in the active group were unusable due to equipment malfunctions. An additional participant from the active group withdrew from the study. The analysis thus included data from 9 patients in the active group and 11 patients in the sham group.