Figure 9.

Overview of immunogenic cell death (ICD) induced by chromomycin A₅ (CA₅) on melanoma. B16-F10 cells treated with CA₅ displayed cell stress and cell death along with release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The phosphorylation of eIF2α, due to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, drives crucial immunogenic events, as externalization of the “eat me” signals calreticulin (CRT) and ERp57, autophagy and apoptosis. Dendritic cells are activated by DAMPs and present tumor antigens to T lymphocytes via MCH in the presence of co-stimulatory molecules (CD80 or CD86). The activation of T lymphocytes by dendritic cells confers antitumor response. AVOs, acidic vesicular organelles; Casp3, caspase 3; PRRs, pattern recognition receptors, HMGB1, high mobility group box 1; ATP, adenosine triphosphate.