TABLE 3.
Means and standards deviations (SD) of questionnaire findings before and during Ramadan for sedentary and active groups.
| Parameters | Groups | Means ± SD | Ramadan × group interaction | |||||
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| Before-R | During-R | Delta | Δ % | F/Z | P-value | ηp2/r | ||
| ESS score (a.u.) | Sedentary | 6.41 ± 2.96 | 7.69 ± 3.12a | 1.28 ± 2.22 | 20.00% | F = 0.030 | 0.859 | ηp2 = 0.001 |
| Active | 4.46 ± 1.79b | 5.65 ± 2.28ab | 1.19 ± 1.36 | 26.70% | ||||
| ISI score (a.u.) | Sedentary | 5.91 ± 2.9 | 6.84 ± 3.61a | 0.94 ± 2 | 15.90% | z = 0.133 | 0.894 | r = 0.017 |
| Active | 3.58 ± 2.8b | 4.46 ± 2.89ab | 0.88 ± 1.88 | 24.70% | ||||
| Global PSQI score (a.u.) | Sedentary | 6.38 ± 2.15 | 9.69 ± 1.96a | 3.31 ± 1.69 | 52.00% | z = 2.494 | 0.013 | r = 0.327 |
| Active | 5.81 ± 2.17 | 8.04 ± 2.34ab | 2.23 ± 2.14 | 38.40% | ||||
| Subjective sleep quality (a.u.) | Sedentary | 0.88 ± 0.79 | 1.66 ± 0.94a | 0.78 ± 1.01 | 89.30% | z = 1.243 | 0.214 | r = 0.163 |
| Active | 0.54 ± 0.71 | 1.12 ± 1.11ab | 0.58 ± 0.9 | 107.10% | ||||
| Sleep disturbances (a.u.) | Sedentary | 0.53 ± 0.51 | 1.22 ± 0.55a | 0.69 ± 0.59 | 129.40% | z = 0.571 | 0.568 | r = 0.075 |
| Active | 0.31 ± 0.47 | 0.85 ± 0.46ab | 0.54 ± 0.71 | 175.00% | ||||
| Daytime dysfunction (a.u.) | Sedentary | 0.47 ± 0.67 | 1.34 ± 0.65a | 0.88 ± 0.71 | 186.70% | z = 1.415 | 0.157 | r = 0.186 |
| Active | 0.12 ± 0.33 | 0.77 ± 0.51ab | 0.65 ± 0.49 | 566.70% | ||||
| Sleep latency (min) | Sedentary | 18 ± 11.6 | 25.8 ± 13.6a | 7.78 ± 8.64 | 43.20% | z = 1.767 | 0.077 | r = 0.232 |
| Active | 19 ± 12.6 | 23.1 ± 11a | 4.12 ± 7.48 | 21.70% | ||||
| Sleep efficiency (%) | Sedentary | 89.4 ± 8.2 | 84.2 ± 9.3a | –5.28 ± 7.22 | –5.90% | z = 1.681 | 0.093 | r = 0.221 |
| Active | 85.7 ± 10 | 84.3 ± 7.5 | –1.43 ± 9.38 | –1.70% | ||||
| Nocturnal sleep duration (hours) | Sedentary | 7.22 ± 1.11 | 6.17 ± 0.96a | –1.05 ± 1.09 | –14.50% | z = 2.853 | 0.004 | r = 0.375 |
| Active | 7.02 ± 1.07 | 6.73 ± 1.03b | –0.29 ± 0.75 | –4.10% | ||||
| Bedtime (h:mm) | Sedentary | 23:30 ± 1:07 | 00:39 ± 1:22a | 1:09 ± 1:04 | 4.9% | F = 5.39 | 0.024 | ηp2 = 0.088 |
| Active | 23:06 ± 1:05 | 23:40 ± 0:53ab | 0:34 ± 0:48 | 2.4% | ||||
| Wake-up (h:mm) | Sedentary | 6:43 ± 1:07 | 6:49 ± 1:20 | 0:06 ± 1:00 | 1.5% | F = 0.79 | 0.377 | ηp2 = 0.014 |
| Active | 6:07 ± 1:04b | 6:25 ± 0:57a | 0:18 ± 0:33 | 4.8% | ||||
| Use of sleep medication (a.u.) | Sedentary | 0.09 ± 0.3 | 0.06 ± 0.25 | –0.03 ± 0.31 | –33.30% | z = 0.031 | 0.975 | r = 0.004 |
| Active | 0.08 ± 0.39 | 0.04 ± 0.2 | –0.04 ± 0.2 | –50.00% | ||||
| PASE score (a.u.) | Sedentary | 101.23 ± 20.6 | 84.383 ± 13.11a | –16.84 ± 12.52 | –20% | z = 2.447 | 0.014 | r = 0.321 |
| Active | 153.81 ± 11.14b | 119.55 ± 11.25ab | –34.26 ± 16.22 | –28.70% | ||||
a: significantly different from before Ramadan at p < 0.05; b: significantly different from sedentary group at p < 0.05. Before-R, before Ramadan; During-R, during Ramadan; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; ESS, Epworth sleepiness scale; ISI, insomnia severity index; PASE, Physical activity scale for elderly; Δ, difference between during and before Ramadan; SD, standard deviation; a.u., arbitrary unit.