Table 1.
Included survey pairs and their characteristics
| Geographic coverage |
Age range* |
Metrics |
DHS program survey |
Non-DHS program survey |
Notes* |
Non-DHS program survey reference |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Dates
|
Sample size
|
Analytical approach
|
Dates
|
Sample size
|
Blood collection
|
Analytical approach
|
|||||
|
Non-pregnant women
| |||||||||||
| Peru |
15-49 |
TS |
Aug 1996-Dec 1996 |
2123 |
HemoCue B |
1997 |
772 |
Venous |
HemoCue B |
1, 5, 8, 11 |
Instituto Nacional de Salud, Centro Nacional de Alimentación y Nutritción, Dirección Ejecutiva de Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional. Informe nacional de deficiencia de vitamina A en niños menores de 05 años y mujeres en edad fertil 1997-2001. Lima: Ministerio de Salud; 2001. |
| Peru |
15-49 |
T |
Jul 2000-Nov 2000 |
5907 |
HemoCue B |
2000 |
555 |
Venous |
HemoCue B |
1, 5, 8, 11 |
Instituto Nacional de Salud, Centro Nacional de Alimentación y Nutritción, Dirección Ejecutiva de Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional. Informe nacional de deficiencia de vitamina A en niños menores de 05 años y mujeres en edad fertil 1997-2001. Lima: Ministerio de Salud; 2001. |
| Jordan |
15-49 |
MT |
Jul 2002-Sep 2002 |
2534 |
HemoCue (not specified) |
Oct 2002-Oct 2002 |
1303 |
Venous |
Automated cell counter (COBAX ABX) |
1, 5, 6 |
Kharabsheh SH, Qarqash Q, Faqih AM.Iron status in preschool Jordanian children of 12-59 mo of age. J Med J. 2006;40:4-13. |
| 9 states, India |
20-85 |
MT |
Nov 2005-Aug 2006 |
23 336 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
2004-2005 |
3329 |
Capillary |
Cyanometahaemoglobin |
1, 5, 8, 10, 11 |
Diet and nutritional status of population and prevalence of hypertension among adults in rural areas. National Nutrition Monitoring Board Technical Report No 24. Hyderabad: National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research; 2006. |
| Peru |
15-49 |
T |
Jan 2004-Sep 2006 |
5167 |
HemoCue (not specified) |
2004 |
13 009 |
Capillary |
HemoCue B |
1, 5, 8, 11 |
Monitoreo nacional de indicadores nutricionales 2004. Lima: Ministerio de Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud; 2004. |
| Malawi |
15-49 |
MT |
Jun 2010-Sep 2010 |
6473 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
Jul 2009-Aug 2009 |
571 |
Capillary |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
1, 5 |
Malawi Government, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, UNICEF. A report for the National Micronutrient Survey 2009. Lilongwe: Malawi Government; 2010. |
| Jordan |
15-49 |
MT |
Oct 2009-Dec 2009 |
6811 |
HemoCue (not specified) |
Mar 2010-Apr 2010 |
2030 |
Venous |
Beckman Coulter Cell Counter (Beckman Coulter Inc, 2003) |
1, 5 |
Jordan Ministry of Health, Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN), United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), United Nation Children's Fund (UNICEF, Jordan). National Micronutrient Survey, Jordan 2010. Amman: Jordan Ministry of Health; 2011. |
| Senegal |
15-49 |
MTS |
Oct 2010-Apr 2011 |
5230 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
Mar 2010-May 2010 |
702 |
Venous |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
1, 5, 11 |
Laboratoire de Nutrition - UCAD, Comite Senegalais pour la Fortification des Aliments en Micronutriments (COSFAM), Micronutrient Initiative. Situation de base du statut en vitamine A et en fer chez les enfants de 12-59 mois et chez les femmes en âge de procréer (15-49 ans) dans le cadre du programme de fortification des aliments en micronutriments au Senegal. Dakar: COFSAM; 2011. |
| Bangladesh |
15-49 |
MT |
Jul 2011-Dec 2011 |
5333 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
Oct 2011-Dec 2011 |
1031 |
Venous |
HemoCue Hb 301 |
1, 5, 6, 11 |
icddr,b, UNICEF (Bangladesh), GAIN, Institute of Public Health and Nutrition. National micronutrients status survey 2011-12. Dhaka: icddr,b; 2013. |
| Sierra Leone |
15-49 |
MTS |
Jun 2013-Nov 2013 |
7271 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
Nov 2013-Dec 2013 |
871 |
Venous |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
1 |
Ministry of Health and Sanitation (Sierra Leone), UNICEF, Helen Keller International, WHO. Sierra Leone Micronutrient Survey (SLMS). Freetown: Ministry of Health and Sanitation; 2015. |
| Ethiopia |
15-49 |
MTS |
May 2016-Oct 2016 |
13 462 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
Mar 2015-Jul 2015 |
1741 |
Venous |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
1, 5, 6 |
Ethiopian National Micronutrient Survey report. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Public Health Institute; 2016. |
| Guatemala |
15-49 |
MT |
Oct 2014-Jul 2015 |
24 117 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
2015 |
1512 |
Capillary |
HemoCue Hb 301 |
1, 5, 6, 8 |
Informe del Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Salud y Nutrición -SIVESNU- 2015, informe final. Guatemala city: Instituto de Nutrición de Centro América y Panamá; 2018. |
| Malawi |
15-49 |
MTS |
Oct 2015-Feb 2016 |
7374 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
Dec 2015-Feb 2016 |
770 |
Venous |
HemoCue Hb 301 |
2 |
Malawi Micronutrient Survey 2015-2016 |
| Nepal |
15-49 |
MTS |
Mar 2016-Oct 2016 |
6148 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
Apr 2016-Jun 2016 |
2136 |
Venous |
HemoCue Hb 301 |
2 |
Nepal 2016 National Micronutrient Status Survey |
| Tajikistan |
15-49 |
MTS |
Aug 2017-Nov 2017 |
9898 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
Nov 2016-Nov 2016 |
2125 |
Capillary |
HemoCue Hb 301 |
1 |
Ministry of Health and Social Protection of the Republic of Tajikistan, The World Bank, UNICEF. National Micronutrient Status Survey in Tajikistan, 2016: methodology and tools. Dushanbe: Ministry of Health and Social Protection of the Republic of Tajikistan; 2016. |
|
Pregnant and non-pregnant women combined
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
| Peru |
20-49 |
M |
Jan 2004-Sep 2006 |
5432 |
HemoCue (not specified) |
Aug 2004-Apr 2005 |
1505 |
Venous |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
1, 5, 6, 7 |
Cárdenas de Jurado HG, Gutiérrez PAM, Arbieto LR, Tasayco FM. Encuesta nacional de indicadores nutricionales, bioquímicos, socioeconómicos y culturales relacionados con las enfermedades crónicas degenerativas. Lima: Ministerio de Salud; 2006. |
| Ethiopia |
15-49 |
T |
Aug 2005-Dec 2005 |
5899 |
HemoCue B |
Jun 2005-Jul 2005 |
1135 |
Capillary |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
1, 5, 7 |
Umeta, Haider, Demissie, Akalu, Ayana. Iron Deficiency Anaemia among Women of Reproductive Age in Nine Administrative Regions of Ethiopia. Ethiop.J.Health Dev. 2008;22(3) |
|
Pregnant women
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Jordan |
15-49 |
MT |
Jul 2002-Sep 2002 |
330 |
HemoCue (not specified) |
Oct 2002-Oct 2002 |
108 |
Venous |
Automated cell counter (COBAX ABX) |
1, 5, 6 |
Kharabsheh SH, Qarqash Q, Faqih AM.Iron status in preschool Jordanian children of 12-59 mo of age. J Med J. 2006;40:4-13. |
| Peru |
15-49 |
T |
Jan 2004-Sep 2006 |
265 |
HemoCue (not specified) |
2004 |
962 |
Capillary |
HemoCue B |
1, 5, 8 |
Monitoreo nacional de indicadores nutricionales 2004. Lima: Ministerio de Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud; 2004. |
| Malawi |
15-49 |
MT |
Jun 2010-Sep 2010 |
677 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
Jul 2009-Aug 2009 |
68 |
Capillary |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
1, 5 |
Malawi Government, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, UNICEF. A report for the National Micronutrient Survey 2009. Lilongwe: Malawi Government; 2010. |
| Senegal |
15-49 |
MTS |
Oct 2010-Apr 2011 |
468 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
Mar 2010-May 2010 |
99 |
Venous |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
1, 5 |
Laboratoire de Nutrition – UCAD, Comite Senegalais pour la Fortification des Aliments en Micronutriments (COSFAM), Micronutrient Initiative. Situation de base du statut en vitamine A et en fer chez les enfants de 12-59 mois et chez les femmes en âge de procréer (15-49 ans) dans le cadre du programme de fortification des aliments en micronutriments au Senegal. Dakar: COFSAM; 2011. |
| Sierra Leone |
15-49 |
MTS |
Jun 2013-Oct 2013 |
679 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
Nov 2013-Dec 2013 |
174 |
Capillary |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
1 |
Ministry of Health and Sanitation (Sierra Leone), UNICEF, Helen Keller International, WHO. Sierra Leone Micronutrient Survey (SLMS). Freetown: Ministry of Health and Sanitation; 2015. |
| Guatemala |
15-49 |
MT |
Oct 2014-Jul 2015 |
1385 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
2015 |
92 |
Capillary |
HemoCue Hb 301 |
1, 5, 6, 8 |
Informe del Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Salud y Nutrición – SIVESNU – 2015, informe final. Guatemala city: Instituto de Nutrición de Centro América y Panamá; 2018. |
| Malawi |
15-49 |
MTS |
Oct 2015-Feb 2016 |
635 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
Dec 2015-Feb 2016 |
34 |
Venous |
HemoCue Hb 301 |
2, 9 |
Malawi Micronutrient Survey 2015-2016 |
| Nepal |
15-43 |
MTS |
Mar 2016-Oct 2016 |
289 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
Apr 2016-Jun 2016 |
204 |
Venous |
HemoCue Hb 301 |
2 |
Nepal 2016 National Micronutrient Status Survey |
|
Children under 5 y of age
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Peru |
6-59 |
T |
Aug 1996-Nov 1996 |
1128 |
HemoCue B |
1997 |
495 |
Venous |
HemoCue B |
1, 5, 8 |
Instituto Nacional de Salud, Centro Nacional de Alimentación y Nutritción, Dirección Ejecutiva de Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional. Informe nacional de deficiencia de vitamina A en niños menores de 05 años y mujeres en edad fertil 1997-2001. Lima: Ministerio de Salud; 2001. |
| Andhra pradesh, India |
12-48 |
MTS |
Nov 1998-Dec 1999 |
866 |
HemoCue B |
Mar 2000-Apr 2000 |
364 |
Capillary |
HemoCue B |
1, 5 |
State Government of Orissa, WHO, National Institute of Nutrition (India), UNICEF, Micronutrient Initiative. Impact of vitamin A supplementation delivered with oral polio vaccine as part of immunization campaign in Orissa, India (draft final report). Bhubheshwar: State Government of Orissa; 2001. |
| Orissa, India |
12-48 |
MTS |
Nov 1998-Dec 1999 |
598 |
HemoCue B |
Mar 2000-Apr 2000 |
323 |
Capillary |
HemoCue B |
1, 5 |
State Government of Orissa, WHO, National Institute of Nutrition (India), UNICEF, Micronutrient Initiative. Impact of vitamin A supplementation delivered with oral polio vaccine as part of immunization campaign in Orissa, India (draft final report). Bhubheshwar: State Government of Orissa; 2001. |
| Peru |
6-59 |
T |
Jul 2000-Nov 2000 |
2334 |
HemoCue B |
2000 |
496 |
Venous |
HemoCue B |
1, 5, 8 |
Instituto Nacional de Salud, Centro Nacional de Alimentación y Nutritción, Dirección Ejecutiva de Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional. Informe nacional de deficiencia de vitamina A en niños menores de 05 años y mujeres en edad fertil 1997-2001. Lima: Ministerio de Salud; 2001. |
| Rural Cambodia |
6-59 |
T |
Feb 2000-Jul 2000 |
1352 |
HemoCue B |
Feb 2000-Sep 2000 |
1762 |
Venous |
HemoCue B |
1, 5 |
Semba RD, de Pee S, Panagides D, Poly O, Bloem MW. Risk factors for xerophthalmia among mothers and their children and for mother-child pairs with xerophthalmia in Cambodia. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004; 122:517-23. |
| Jordan |
12-59 |
MT |
Jul 2002-Sep 2002 |
1283 |
HemoCue (not specified) |
Oct 2002-Oct 2002 |
1060 |
Venous |
Automated cell counter (COBAX ABX) |
1, 5, 6 |
Kharabsheh SH, Qarqash Q, Faqih AM.Iron status in preschool Jordanian children of 12-59 mo of age. J Med J. 2006;40:4-13. |
| Peru |
0-59 |
T |
Jan 2004-Sep 2006 |
1903 |
HemoCue (not specified) |
2004 |
12 788 |
Capillary |
HemoCue B |
1, 5, 8, 10 |
Monitoreo nacional de indicadores nutricionales 2004. Lima: Ministerio de Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud; 2004. |
| Bolivia |
6-23 |
MT |
Feb 2008-Jun 2008 |
656 |
HemoCue (not specified) |
Nov 2006-Feb 2007 |
5042 |
Capillary |
HemoCue (not specified) |
1, 5 |
Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición según niveles de vulnerabilidad a la inseguridad alimentaria (línea de base). La Paz: Ministerio de Salud y Deportes; 2007. |
| Malawi |
6-59 |
MT |
Jun 2010-Sep 2010 |
4475 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
Jul 2009-Aug 2009 |
1003 |
Capillary |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
1, 5, 9 |
Malawi Government, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, UNICEF. A report for the National Micronutrient Survey 2009. Lilongwe: Malawi Government; 2010. |
| Jordan |
12-59 |
MTS |
Oct 2009-Dec 2009 |
3383 |
HemoCue (not specified) |
Mar 2010-Apr 2010 |
902 |
Venous |
Beckman Coulter Cell Counter (Beckman Coulter Inc, 2003) |
1, 5 |
Jordan Ministry of Health, Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN), United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), United Nation Children's Fund (UNICEF, Jordan). National Micronutrient Survey, Jordan 2010. Amman: Jordan Ministry of Health; 2011. |
| Senegal |
12-59 |
MTS |
Oct 2010-Apr 2011 |
3452 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
Mar 2010-May 2010 |
1486 |
Venous |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
1, 5 |
Laboratoire de Nutrition – UCAD, Comite Senegalais pour la Fortification des Aliments en Micronutriments (COSFAM), Micronutrient Initiative. Situation de base du statut en vitamine A et en fer chez les enfants de 12-59 mois et chez les femmes en âge de procréer (15-49 ans) dans le cadre du programme de fortification des aliments en micronutriments au Senegal. Dakar: COFSAM; 2011. |
| Bangladesh |
6-59 |
MT |
Jul 2011-Dec 2011 |
2361 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
Oct 2011-Dec 2011 |
607 |
Venous |
HemoCue Hb 301 |
1, 5, 6 |
icddr,b, UNICEF (Bangladesh), GAIN, Institute of Public Health and Nutrition. National micronutrients status survey 2011-12. Dhaka: icddr,b; 2013. |
| Kenya |
6-59 |
T |
Jul 2010-Sep 2010 |
3940 |
HemoCue Hb 301 |
Sep 2011-Dec 2011 |
827 |
Venous |
HemoCue Hb 301 |
3, 4, 5 |
The Kenya National Micronutrient Survey 2011. Nairobi: Ministry of Health; 2012. |
| Liberia |
6-35 |
MT |
Sep 2011-Dec 2011 |
1706 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
Apr 2011-Jun 2011 |
1445 |
Venous |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
1, 4, 5, 6 |
Liberia Institute of Statistics & Geo-Information Services, UNICEF. Liberia National Micronutrient Survey 2011. Selected preliminary findings, 19 September 2011. Monrovia: Liberia Institute of Statistics & Geo-Information Services; 2011. |
| Sierra Leone |
6-59 |
MTS |
Jun 2013-Nov 2013 |
5271 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
Nov 2013-Dec 2013 |
710 |
Capillary |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
1 |
Ministry of Health and Sanitation (Sierra Leone), UNICEF, Helen Keller International, WHO. Sierra Leone Micronutrient Survey (SLMS). Freetown: Ministry of Health and Sanitation; 2015. |
| Burkina Faso |
6-59 |
MTS |
Sep 2014-Dec 2014 |
6155 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
Jun 2014-Jul 2014 |
2221 |
Capillary |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
1, 4 |
Ministry of Health,Burkina Faso, GroudWork, UNICEF, NI. Enquete Nationale d'Iode et d'Anemie au Burkina Faso 2014 (ENIAB). Ouagadougou:Ministry of Health, Burkina Faso; 2014 |
| Ethiopia |
6-59 |
MTS |
May 2016-Oct 2016 |
8437 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
Mar 2015-Jul 2015 |
1375 |
Venous |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
1, 5, 6 |
Ethiopian National Micronutrient Survey report. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Public Health Institute; 2016. |
| Guatemala |
6-59 |
MT |
Oct 2014-Jul 2015 |
10 854 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
2015 |
686 |
Capillary |
HemoCue Hb 301 |
1, 5, 6, 8 |
Informe del Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Salud y Nutrición – SIVESNU – 2015, informe final. Guatemala city: Instituto de Nutrición de Centro América y Panamá; 2018. |
| Malawi |
6-59 |
MTS |
Oct 2015-Feb 2016 |
5227 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
Dec 2015-Feb 2016 |
1174 |
Venous |
HemoCue Hb 301 |
2, 9 |
Malawi Micronutrient Survey 2015-2016 |
| India |
12-59 |
TS |
Jan 2015-Dec 2016 |
194 349 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
Feb 2016-Oct 2018 |
11 237 |
Venous |
Cyanometahaemoglobin |
1, 5 |
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, UNICEF, Population Council. Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey (CNNS) national report. New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; 2019. |
| Nepal |
6-59 |
MTS |
Mar 2016-Oct 2016 |
2177 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
Apr 2016-Jun 2016 |
1651 |
Venous |
HemoCue Hb 301 |
2 |
Nepal 2016 National Micronutrient Status Survey |
| Tajikistan |
6-59 |
MTS |
Aug 2017-Nov 2017 |
5460 |
HemoCue Hb 201+ |
Nov 2016-Nov 2016 |
2097 |
Capillary |
HemoCue Hb 301 |
1 |
Ministry of Health and Social Protection of the Republic of Tajikistan, The World Bank, UNICEF. National Micronutrient Status Survey in Tajikistan, 2016: methodology and tools. Dushanbe: Ministry of Health and Social Protection of the Republic of Tajikistan; 2016. |
| Ghana | 6-59 | MTS | Oct 2016-Dec 2016 | 3077 | HemoCue Hb 201+ | Apr 2017-Jun 2017 | 1018 | Capillary | HemoCue Hb 301 | 1, 5 | University of Ghana, GroundWork, University of Wisconsin-Madison, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust, UNICEF. Ghana Micronutrient Survey 2017. Accra: University of Ghana; 2017. |
M – mean, T – prevalence of total anaemia, S – prevalence of severe anaemia, DHS – Demographic and Health Survey
*Years for women, months for children
†Notes:
1 – Individual-level data were reanalysed (DHS survey only).
2 – Individual-level data were reanalysed (DHS and non-DHS survey).
3 – No individual level data were reanalysed
4 – DHS survey is a Malaria Indicator Survey.
5 – Non-DHS survey design effect was not reported, estimated as described in Appendix S1 in the Online Supplementary Document.
6 – Non-DHS survey standard deviation of haemoglobin not reported, estimated as described in Appendix S1 in the Online Supplementary Document.
7 – Non-DHS survey data were not reported by pregnancy status.
8 – Non-DHS survey fieldwork months not known.
9 – Non-DHS survey is a subsample of the DHS survey.
10 – Surveys were not matched on age range.
11 – Non-DHS survey excluded lactating women.