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. 2022 Nov 8;24(11):e38957. doi: 10.2196/38957

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©András Fittler, Péter Paczolai, Amir Reza Ashraf, Amir Pourhashemi, Péter Iványi. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 08.11.2022.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://www.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

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Graph of compromised websites (n=230) and illegal online medicine vendors (n=73) accessed via search redirection attack in 12 European countries visited in November 2020. Node size—represented by circles—illustrate the in-degree property of a domain in the graph. Small red nodes show compromised website domains in SERs and destination websites are labeled with blue. The edge—representing links—are colored based on the API name used in search queries (blue for sildenafil, green for vardenafil, yellow for tadalafil, and orange for avanafil). API: active pharmaceutical ingredient; SER: search engine result.