Table 3.

Longitudinal Multilevel Regression Models of Changes in General Views on Aging (Age Stereotypes)

Model Estimates	Family & Partnership linear change	Family & Partnership linear change plus pandemic-related change	Leisure linear change	Leisure linear change plus pandemic-related change	Personality linear change	Personality linear change plus pandemic-related change	Health & Appearance linear change	Health & Appearance linear change plus pandemic-related change
Fixed Regression Coefficients:
Intercept [SE]	4.992*** [0.071]	4.913*** [0.074]	5.207*** [0.062]	5.194*** [0.066]	4.917*** [0.068]	4.885*** [0.070]	4.692*** [0.065]	4.636*** [0.067]
Linear slope 2012–2020 [SE]	0.004*** [0.001]	0.009*** [0.001]	0.002** [0.000]	0.003* [0.001]	0.002** [0.001]	0.004** [0.001]	0.000 [0.000]	0.004** [0.001]
Pandemic-specific slope 2017–2020 [SE]		−0.516*** [0.123]		−0.008 [0.124]		−0.215 [0.123]		−0.374** [0.115]
Random Variances:
Variance Intercept [SE]	1.363*** [0.154]	1.401*** [0.155]	0.878*** [0.087]	0.879*** [0.087]	1.246*** [0.139]	1.276*** [0.153]	1.142*** [0.126]	1.118*** [0.139]
Variance Linear Slope [SE]	0.000* [0.000]	0.000* [0.000]			0.000 [0.000]	0.000* [0.000]	0.000 [0.000]	0.000 [0.000]
Variance Pandemic-Specific Slope [SE]						0.669 [0.490]		0.500 [0.433]
Covariance Intercept-Linear Slope [SE]	−0.002 [0.002]	−0.003 [0.002]			−0.002 [0.001]	−0.003** [0.003]	−0.001 [0.001]	−0.002 [0.002]
Cov. Intercept-Pandemic-Specific Slope [SE]						−0.0554 [0.193]		−0.024 [0.170]
Cov. Lin. Slope Pandemic-Specific Slope [SE]						−0.007 [0.005]		−0.005 [0.005]
Residual Variance [SE]	0.999*** [0.059]	0.968*** [0.057]	1.000*** [0.048]	1.000*** [0.048]	0.917*** [0.054]	0.837*** [0.068]	0.820*** [0.048]	0.749*** [0.061]
BIC	4,326.7	4,315.6	4,176.0	4,181.6	4,228.1	4,245.0	4,118.6	4,129.7
R²	.09	.11	0.01	0.01	.06	.14	.05	.13

Note. Time unit is months (since 2012). R² was computed according to Xu (2003). ATOA = attitude toward own aging.

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01;

^***p < .001.