. 2022 Nov 1;23(6):409–419. doi: 10.5152/TurkThoracJ.2022.22078
Content of this journal is licensed under a Table 2.
Study Variables with respect to Presence of Smoking during Pregnancy
| Smoking during pregnancy (regular tobacco or electronic cigarettes) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 984) | Yes (n = 139) | P 1 | ||
| Maternal characteristics | ||||
| Age (in years), mean ± SD | 28.0 ± 6.0 | 29.0 ± 6.0 | .0972 | |
| Marital status, n (%) | Single | 10 (1) | 3 (2.2) | .213 |
| Married | 969 (99) | 136 (97.8) | ||
| Occupation, n (%) | Employed | 192 (19.5) | 41 (29.5) | .010 |
| Housewife | 792 (80.5) | 98 (70.5) | ||
| Educational status, n (%) | Illiterate | 66 (6.7) | 11 (7.9) | .181 |
| Primary education | 478 (48.6) | 64 (46) | ||
| Secondary education | 212 (21.5) | 38 (27.3) | ||
| University | 201 (20.4) | 26 (18.7) | ||
| Master’s degree | 27 (2.7) | 0 (0) | ||
| Monthly income, n (%) | Lowest | 127 (14) | 15 (11.5) | .274 |
| Middle | 637 (70.4) | 87 (66.4) | ||
| High | 109 (12) | 23 (17.6) | ||
| Very high | 32 (3.5) | 6 (4.6) | ||
| Obstetric characteristics, n (%) | ||||
| Gestational disease | No | 909 (92.4) | 120 (86.3) | .021 |
| Yes | 75 (7.6) | 19 (13.7) | ||
| Comorbid disease | No | 850 (86.5) | 110 (79.1) | .028 |
| Yes | 133 (13.5) | 29 (20.9) | ||
| Environmental factors, n (%) | ||||
| Active smoking by own mother | 109 (11.2) | 36 (25.9) | <.001 | |
| Active smoking by partner | 446 (46.9) | 90 (65.7) | <.001 | |
| Electronic cigarette usage by partner | 49 (5.5) | 12 (10.2) | .062 | |
| Obstetrician recommended on cessation of smoking | 163 (56.6) | 85 (68.0) | .038 | |
| Opinions on smoking during pregnancy, n (%) | ||||
| Regular tobacco cigarette smoking | ||||
| Has adverse impact on baby | Absolutely no | 26 (2.8) | 8 (5.8) | <.001 |
| No | 15 (1.6) | 4 (2.9) | ||
| Possible | 61 (6.5) | 26 (18.7) | ||
| No idea | 67 (7.1) | 13 (9.4) | ||
| Absolutely yes | 776 (82.1) | 88 (63.3) | ||
| Has adverse impact on pregnancy | Absolutely no | 26 (2.7) | 12 (8.7) | <.001 |
| No | 10 (1.1) | 4 (2.9) | ||
| Possible | 117 (12.3) | 32 (23.2) | ||
| No idea | 74 (7.8) | 15 (10.9) | ||
| Absolutely yes | 723 (76.1) | 75 (54.3) | ||
| Electronic cigarette smoking | ||||
| Has adverse impact on baby | Absolutely no | 204 (20.9) | 41 (29.5) | .003 |
| No | 39 (4) | 13 (9.4) | ||
| Possible | 127 (13) | 17 (12.2) | ||
| No idea | 250 (25.6) | 33 (23.7) | ||
| Absolutely yes | 357 (36.5) | 35 (25.2) | ||
| Has adverse impact on pregnancy | Absolutely no | 63 (7.9) | 24 (22.2) | <.001 |
| No | 5 (0.6) | 3 (2.8) | ||
| Possible | 137 (17.2) | 20 (18.5) | ||
| No idea | 261 (32.7) | 26 (24.1) | ||
| Absolutely yes | 332 (41.6) | 35 (32.4) | ||
| Partner and smoking | ||||
| Partner should quit smoking during pregnancy | Absolutely | 382 (78) | 45 (47.9) | <.001 |
| Maybe | 48 (9.8) | 23 (24.5) | ||
| No idea | 39 (8) | 20 (21.3) | ||
| No | 21 (4.3) | 6 (6.4) | ||
| Regular tobacco versus electronic cigarettes | ||||
| Adverse impact | Similar | 326 (38.1) | 38 (30.6) | .007 |
| More for regular tobacco cigarettes | 197 (23) | 41 (33.1) | ||
| More for electronic cigarettes | 38 (4.4) | 11 (8.9) | ||
| No idea | 295 (34.5) | 34 (27.4) | ||
| Degree of dependency | Similar | 239 (30.9) | 33 (29.5) | .186 |
| More for regular tobacco cigarettes | 34 (4.4) | 9 (8) | ||
| More for electronic cigarettes | 171 (22.1) | 30 (26.8) | ||
| No idea | 330 (42.6) | 40 (35.7) | ||
| Nicotine exposure | Similar | 386 (52.9) | 53 (51.5) | .001 |
| More for regular tobacco cigarettes | 95 (13) | 28 (27.2) | ||
| More for electronic cigarettes | 18 (2.5) | 1 (1) | ||
| No idea | 230 (31.6) | 21 (20.4) | ||