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. 2022 Nov 9;12:938286. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.938286

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Copyright © 2022 Tan, Tan, Zhang, Li, Ji, Fang, Wu, Rao, Zeng and Yang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Pathogenic assays of WT and ΔapuA in the presence of different medium. (A) Hemolysis assay. Hemolysis production was quantified by analyzing the supernatants collected from WT and ΔapuA supplemented with glucose and glycogen. The absorbance at each hour at stable period (5, 6, and 7 h) was recorded and analyzed by pairwise comparison. (B) Cell-associated bacteria recovered after incubation with NPTr cells. (C) Pathogen invasion of NPTr cells. Extracellular bacteria were eradicated through antibiotic treatment. (D) Biofilm formation assay. The wells with a sterile medium and CM served as negative controls. Data points or columns are presented as mean ± SEM from three independent experiments performed in triplicate. Statistical significance was determined using the two-tailed t-test (ns, P > 0.05; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001).