Table 1.

Different sources of cellulose (Seddiqi et al., 2021).

Variables	Plant	Bacteria	Algae	Tunicates
Derivatives or species	cotton, flax, pineapple leaf, corn, hemp, jute, bagasse, ramie, cereal straws,potato peel waste and different aggriculture waste.	Komagataeibacter xylinus, Agrobacterium, Achromobacter, Aerobacter, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, and Rhizobium, and Sarcina	Posidonia Oceanica, Cladophora, and Gelidium elegans	Ascidiacea (sea squirts)
Purity	Not pure, (hemicellulose, lignin, and other impurities)	More than 90 %	Not pure, (associated mainly with hemicellulose, protein, and lignin)	Generally dry tunic contains approx. 60 % cellulose and 27 % nitrogen-containing components
Elastic modulus (GPa)	5–130	60–115	110–200	60–220
Degree of polymerization of cellulose	Up to 15,000 in cotton	7000–16,000	2500–4300	700–3500
Degree of crystallinity	Comparatively lower	High (80–90 %)	More than 95 %	High (95 %)