. 2022 Nov 23;17(11):e0276824. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276824

Table 2. Associations between cannabis use in pregnancy and maternal and infant outcomes, BC, ON and NL, 2012–2019.

Maternal and Infant Outcomes	Cannabis use		No cannabis use		p-value	Unadjusted Odds Ratios (95% CI)	Adjusted Odds^a Ratios (95% CI)	Adjusted Odds^a Ratios (95% CI)–Female Infant	Adjusted Odds^a Ratios (95% CI)–Male Infant	Interaction p-value
Maternal and Infant Outcomes	n	%	n	%	p-value	Unadjusted Odds Ratios (95% CI)	Adjusted Odds^a Ratios (95% CI)	Adjusted Odds^a Ratios (95% CI)–Female Infant	Adjusted Odds^a Ratios (95% CI)–Male Infant	Interaction p-value
Preterm (<37 weeks)	1751	9.1	41128	4.2	<0.0001	2.30	1.85	1.88	1.82	0.05
Preterm (<37 weeks)	1751	9.1	41128	4.2	<0.0001	[2.19–2.42]	[1.74–1.94]	[1.74–2.04]	[1.69–1.96]	0.05
Spontaneous	1097	5.7	24004	2.4	<0.0001	2.47	1.80	1.94	1.70	0.04
Spontaneous	1097	5.7	24004	2.4	<0.0001	[2.32–2.63]	[1.68–1.93]	[1.76–2.14]	[1.55–1.86]	0.04
Medically	654	3.4	17124	1.7	<0.0001	2.06	1.94	1.80	2.06	0.1
Indicated	654	3.4	17124	1.7	<0.0001	[1.90–2.23]	[1.77–2.12]	[1.59–2.05]	[1.83–2.30]	0.1
Very preterm (<32 weeks)	198	1.0	3992	0.4	<0.0001	2.56	1.73	1.87	1.62	0.3
Very preterm (<32 weeks)	198	1.0	3992	0.4	<0.0001	[2.21–2.95]	[1.48–2.02]	[1.50–2.33]	[1.31–2.00]	0.3
Low birthweight (<2500g)	1292	6.7	23942	2.4	<0.0001	2.89	1.90	1.88	1.93	0.7
Low birthweight (<2500g)	1292	6.7	23942	2.4	<0.0001	[2.73–3.06]	[1.79–2.03]	[1.73–2.05]	[1.77–2.11]	0.7
SGA (<10^th percentile)	2360	12.3	73128	7.4	<0.0001	1.72	1.21	1.28	1.16	0.03
SGA (<10^th percentile)	2360	12.3	73128	7.4	<0.0001	[1.65–1.80]	[1.16–1.27]	[1.20–1.37]	[1.08–1.23]	0.03
LGA (>90^th percentile)	1547	8.1	95430	9.7	<0.0001	0.86	1.06	1.09	1.03	0.3
LGA (>90^th percentile)	1547	8.1	95430	9.7	<0.0001	[0.82–0.91]	[1.01–1.12]	[1.01–1.18]	[0.96–1.12]	0.3
Stillbirth	60	0.3	1997	0.2	0.001	1.53	1.15	1.14	1.13	1.0
Stillbirth	60	0.3	1997	0.2	0.001	[1.18–1.98]	[0.86–1.53]	[0.74–1.75]	[0.77–1.66]	1.0
Any major congenital anomaly	246	1.2	6287	0.6	<0.0001	1.99	1.71	1.89	1.63	0.3
Any major congenital anomaly	246	1.2	6287	0.6	<0.0001	[1.75–2.26]	[1.49–1.97]	[1.51–2.36]	[1.38–1.93]	0.3
Caesarean section	4324	22.9	240013	24.7	<0.0001	0.90	1.13	^*	^*	^*
Caesarean section	4324	22.9	240013	24.7	<0.0001	[0.87–0.93]	[1.09–1.17]	^*	^*	^*
Gestational diabetes	883	4.6	56317	5.7	<0.0001	0.79	1.32	^*	^*	^*
Gestational diabetes	883	4.6	56317	5.7	<0.0001	[0.74–0.85]	[1.23–1.42]^b	^*	^*	^*
Gestational hypertension	455	2.4	21231	2.2	0.048	1.10	1.10	^*	^*	^*
Gestational hypertension	455	2.4	21231	2.2	0.048	[1.001–1.21]	[0.99–1.22]^c	^*	^*	^*

*Comparisons by infant sex were only conducted for infant outcomes.

^a Models adjusted for other substance use, maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, rural maternal residence, parity, QAIPPE score, pre-existing diabetes, chronic hypertension, gestational diabetes and gestational hypertension.

^b Models adjusted for other substance use, maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, rural maternal residence, parity, QAIPPE score, pre-existing diabetes, chronic hypertension and gestational hypertension.

^c Models adjusted for other substance use, maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, rural maternal residence, parity, QAIPPE score, pre-existing diabetes, chronic hypertension and gestational diabetes.