Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics Before and After 1:1 Propensity Score Matching
| Characteristics | Before matching | After matching | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metformin (n=22 807) | Sulfonylurea (n=20 360) | Metformin (n=16 596) | Sulfonylurea (n=16 596) | SMD | VR | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Male, n (%) | 9797 (43.0) | 10 619 (52.2) | 7911 (47.7) | 8272 (49.8) | 0.02 | … |
| Baseline age, y | 65.17±11.61 | 71.31±11.39 | 68.14±10.89 | 69.60±11.35 | 0.13 | 1.09 |
| Follow‐up duration since type 2 diabetes diagnosis, y | 4.98±2.56 | 4.92±2.55 | 4.92±2.55 | 4.93±2.55 | <0.01 | 1.00 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 61 (0.3) | 29 (0.1) | 29 (0.2) | 27 (0.2) | <0.01 | … |
| Ischemic stroke, n (%) | 971 (4.3) | 1419 (7.0) | 859 (5.2) | 986 (5.9) | <0.01 | … |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 775 (3.4) | 1547 (7.6) | 734 (4.4) | 966 (5.8) | 0.01 | … |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 814 (3.6) | 2258 (11.1) | 795 (4.8) | 1259 (7.6) | 0.03 | … |
| Prior VA/SCD, n (%) | 4 (0.0) | 11 (0.1) | 4 (0.0) | 7 (0.0) | <0.01 | … |
| Intracranial hemorrhage, n (%) | 322 (1.4) | 517 (2.5) | 306 (1.8) | 362 (2.2) | <0.01 | … |
| Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 2480 (10.9) | 3618 (17.8) | 2188 (13.2) | 2529 (15.2) | 0.02 | … |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 6947 (30.5) | 8964 (44.0) | 5904 (35.6) | 6537 (39.4) | 0.04 | … |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 60 (0.3) | 135 (0.7) | 58 (0.3) | 90 (0.5) | <0.01 | … |
| Medications | ||||||
| ACE inhibitors, n (%) | 12 795 (56.1) | 11 141 (54.7) | 8848 (53.3) | 9025 (54.4) | 0.01 | … |
| Beta blockers, n (%) | 8988 (39.4) | 8372 (41.1) | 6838 (41.2) | 6837 (41.2) | <0.01 | … |
| Calcium channel blockers, n (%) | 9598 (42.1) | 9997 (49.1) | 7529 (45.4) | 7810 (47.1) | 0.02 | … |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 4382 (19.2) | 6096 (29.9) | 3761 (22.7) | 4292 (25.9) | 0.03 | … |
| Insulin, n (%) | 6616 (29.0) | 2661 (13.1) | 2429 (14.6) | 2501 (15.1) | <0.01 | … |
| Thiazolidinediones, n (%) | 260 (1.1) | 225 (1.3) | 169 (1.0) | 176 (1.1) | <0.01 | … |
| DPP4 inhibitors, n (%) | 45 (0.2) | 11 (0.1) | 12 (0.1) | 10 (0.1) | <0.01 | … |
| GLP‐1 agonists, n (%) | 9 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.01 | … |
| Glicazide, n (%) | … | 13 093 (64.3) | … | 10 390 (62.6) | … | … |
| Glipizide, n (%) | … | 669 (3.3) | … | 516 (3.1) | … | … |
| Tolbutamide, n (%) | … | 698 (3.4) | … | 489 (2.9) | … | … |
| Glibenclamide, n (%) | … | 1559 (7.7) | … | 1306 (7.9) | … | … |
| Glimepiride, n (%) | … | 275 (1.4) | … | 227 (1.4) | … | … |
| Laboratory tests | ||||||
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 7.45±1.44 | 7.44±1.45 | 7.44±1.44 | 7.45±1.45 | <0.01 | 1.02 |
Continuous variables were expressed as mean±standard deviation. SMD <0.1/VR>0.5 and <2.0 indicated good balance in matching. ACE indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme; DPP4, dipeptidyl‐peptidase 4; GLP‐1, glucagon‐like peptide 1; SMD, standardized mean difference; VA/SCD, ventricular arrhythmia or sudden cardiac death; and VR, variance ratio.