Table 1.
Clinical, radiological, and laboratory characteristics of patients according to their COVID-19 status.
| Characteristics | COVID-19 negative patients (n = 1,926, 71.7%) | COVID-19 positive patients (n = 760, 28.3%) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 70.8 ± 18.6 | 71.5 ± 16.5 | 0.731 |
| Female gender | 976 (50.7%) | 330 (43.4%) | <0.001 |
| Living place (n = 2,653) | 0.014 | ||
| Home | 1,579 (83.3%) | 618 (81.6%) | |
| Long-term care facilities | 226 (11.9%) | 119 (15.7%) | |
| Other hospital | 54 (2.8%) | 11 (1.5%) | |
| Homeless | 6 (0.3%) | 1 (0.1%) | |
| Other | 31 (1.6%) | 8 (1.1%) | |
| Referred to ED by (n = 2,648) | <0.001 | ||
| Emergency medical services | 853 (45.1%) | 395 (52.1%) | |
| General practitioners | 497 (26.3%) | 201 (26.5%) | |
| Individual decision | 295 (15.6%) | 86 (11.3%) | |
| Other | 245 (13.0%) | 76 (10.0%) | |
| Loss of autonomy | 602 (31.3%) | 196 (25.8%) | 0.006 |
| Healthcare worker (n = 2,558) | 22 (1.2%) | 17 (2.3%) | 0.055 |
| Current smoker (n = 2,002) | 296 (20.1%) | 36 (6.8%) | <0.001 |
| BMI (n = 2,427) | 25.79 ± 6.26 | 26.66 ± 5.54 | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension | 919 (47.8%) | 364 (48.0%) | 0.981 |
| Chronic cardiac disease | 696 (36.2%) | 228 (30.0%) | 0.003 |
| Diabetes | 471 (24.5%) | 186 (24.5%) | 1 |
| Chronic respiratory disease | 482 (25.1%) | 114 (15.0%) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 322 (16.7%) | 126 (16.6%) | 0.976 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 220 (11.5%) | 70 (9.2%) | 0.111 |
| Immunosuppression | 226 (11.8%) | 28 (3.7%) | <0.001 |
| Malignancy | 203 (10.6%) | 31 (4.1%) | <0.001 |
| Dementia | 132 (6.9%) | 60 (7.9%) | 0.392 |
| Chronic neurological disorder | 90 (4.7%) | 34 (4.5%) | 0.907 |
| Chronic hematological disease | 51 (2.7%) | 7 (0.9%) | 0.009 |
| Cirrhosis | 44 (2.3%) | 10 (1.3%) | 0.144 |
| Psychosis | 39 (2.0%) | 11 (1.4%) | 0.400 |
| Transplant | 22 (1.1%) | 6 (0.8%) | 0.547 |
| HIV infection | 11 (0.6%) | 6 (0.8%) | 0.590 |
| Vital signs at ED admission | |||
| Temperature (°C) (n = 2,627) | 37.11 ± 1.07 | 37.58 ± 1.08 | <0.001 |
| Oxygen saturation (n = 2,620) | 94.78 ± 4.67 | 92.62 ± 5.40 | <0.001 |
| Oxygen requirement | 353 (18.3%) | 179 (23.6%) | 0.003 |
| Time since symptom onset (n = 2,361) | <0.001 | ||
| <24 hours | 613 (36.9%) | 105 (15.0%) | |
| <7 days | 731 (44.1%) | 382 (54.4%) | |
| <15 days | 207 (12.5%) | 181 (25.8%) | |
| ≥15 days | 108 (6.5%) | 34 (4.8%) | |
| Symptoms (n from 2,669 to 2,686) | |||
| Fever | 916 (47.6%) | 536 (70.5%) | <0.001 |
| Dyspnea | 1,036 (53.8%) | 494 (65.0%) | <0.001 |
| Cough | 759 (39.5%) | 420 (55.3%) | <0.001 |
| Weakness | 748 (38.8%) | 399 (52.5%) | <0.001 |
| Diarrhea | 251 (13.1%) | 168 (22.1%) | <0.001 |
| Nausea or vomiting | 339 (17.6%) | 87 (11.4%) | <0.001 |
| Myalgia | 148 (7.7%) | 84 (11.1%) | 0.007 |
| Headache | 198 (10.3%) | 86 (11.3%) | 0.503 |
| Confusion | 198 (10.3%) | 80 (10.5%) | 0.926 |
| Abdominal pain | 339 (14.8%) | 57 (7.5%) | <0.001 |
| Anosmia | 34 (1.8%) | 51 (6.7%) | <0.001 |
| Rhinorrhea/congestion | 56 (2.9%) | 26 (3.4%) | 0.570 |
| Sore throat | 40 (2.1%) | 10 (1.3%) | 0.242 |
| Joint pain | 37 (1.9%) | 11 (1.4%) | 0.497 |
| Bacterial infection (n = 2,126) | 221 (14.6%) | 57 (9.3%) | <0.001 |
| Viral infection (n = 814) | 34 (6.8%) | 8 (2.5%) | 0.011 |
| Type of Viral infection | |||
| Influenza A | 13 (2.9%) | 4 (1.3%) | <0.224 |
| Influenza B | 5 (1.1%) | 3 (1.0%) | 1 |
| RSV | 6 (1.4%) | 4 (1.3%) | 1 |
| Rhinovirus | 7 (5.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.305 |
| Metapneumovirus | 3 (2.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.748 |
| Adenovirus respiratory | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (2.3%) | 0.985 |
| Positive CT chest (n = 1,686) | <0.001 | ||
| Positive | 237 (12.3%) | 454 (59.7%) | |
| Negative | 949 (49.3%) | 46 (6.1%) | |
| Not done | 740 (38.4%) | 260 (34.2%) | |
Data are expressed as count (percentage), or mean ± SD.
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; ED, emergency department; BMI, body mass index HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.