Table 2.
Outcomes of patients according to their COVID-19 status.
| Outcomes | COVID-19 negative patients (n = 1,926) | COVID-19 positive patients (n = 760) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Destination from ED | |||
| Intensive care units | 162 (8.4%) | 86 (11.3%) | |
| Conventional hospitalization | 1,756 (91.2%) | 673 (88.6%) | 0.036* |
| Died in ED | 8 (0.4%) | 1 (0.1%) | |
| Secondary admission from wards to intensive care units (n = 2,461) | 44 (2.5%) | 99 (14.7%) | <0.001 |
| Time from ED admission to secondary admission to ICU (days), median [IQR] (n = 114) | 1.72 [0.82 – 3.64] | 2.76 [0.96 – 4.53] | p=0.312# |
| All transfers to ICU | 206 (10.7%) | 185 (24.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Ventilator support | |||
| Invasive mechanical ventilation (n = 2,650) | 37 (1.9%) | 89 (11.9%) | < 0.001 |
| High-flow nasal cannula (n =2,648) | 41 (2.2%) | 135 (18.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Non-invasive ventilation (n = 249) | 94 (4.9%) | 55 (7.4%) | 0.633 |
| Length of hospital stay (days) median [IQR] (n=2,365) | 6 [2 – 11] | 10 [6 – 15] | < 0.001 |
| Decision to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatments: | |||
| In ED | 90 (4.7%) | 53 (7.0%) | 0.133 |
| During hospitalization | 221 (11.5%) | 151 (19.9%) | < 0.002 |
| Death during hospitalization | 149 (7.7%) | 139 (18.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Death after a decision to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatments (n = 288) | 105 (70.5%) | 96 (69.1%) | 0.340 |
| Time from ED admission to death (days) median [IQR] (n = 276) | 4.63 [1.70 – 10.84] | 8.80 [3.66 – 14.90] | 0.127 |
| Outcome after hospital discharge (n = 2,181) | |||
| Return to home | 1,382 (84.9%) | 397 (71.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Rehabilitation department | 245 (15.1%) | 157 (28.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Re-hospitalization within 30 days after discharge (n = 2,366) | 293 (16.7%) | 56 (9.2%) | 0.088 |
P-values from multivariate analyses (adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, loss of autonomy, chronic respiratory disease, malignancy, bacterial infection, viral co-infection, and oxygen requirement) unless specified
#
univariate analysis with Wilcoxon rank-sum test,
*
univariate analysis with Fisher’s exact test.
Data are expressed as count (percentage), unless specified otherwise.
ED, emergency department; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; IQR, interquartile range; ICU, intensive care unit.