Table 2. Association between GDM risk factors and GDM-related traits: results from multivariate models in START and BiB cohorts.
| Dependent variable | Independent variables | START | BiB | Meta-analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beta/OR [95% CI] | p Value | Beta/OR [95% CI] | p Value | Beta (SE)/OR [95% CI] | p Value | I2 | QE p value | ||
| Fasting glucose | PRS (per 1 SD increase) | 0.083 [0.043–0.123] | 6.00×10–05 | 0.085 [0.065–0.105] | 1.67×10–16 | 0.085 [0.067–0.103] | 2.85×10–20 | 0 | 0.92 |
| Age (year) | 0.021 [0.01–0.032] | 2.00×10–04 | 0.014 [0.009–0.019] | 2.49×10–08 | 0.015 [0.011–0.02] | 4.19×10–11 | 22 | 0.26 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.024 [0.014–0.033] | 5.51×10–07 | 0.032 [0.028–0.036] | 6.53×10–53 | 0.031 [0.027–0.034] | 7.99×10–60 | 63 | 0.1 | |
| Born in South Asia (Yes/No) | 0.037 [−0.088 to 0.162] | 0.56 | 0.08 [0.039–0.122] | 2.00×10–04 | 0.076 [0.037–0.115] | 2.00×10–04 | 0 | 0.52 | |
| Parental history of T2D (Yes/No) | 0.04 [−0.043 to 0.123] | 0.34 | 0.066 [0.02–0.111] | 0.005 | 0.06 [0.02–0.1] | 0.003 | 0 | 0.6 | |
| Parity | –0.046 [−0.102 to 0.01] | 0.11 | –0.015 [−0.033 to 0.004] | 0.13 | –0.018 [−0.036 to 0] | 0.05 | 9 | 0.29 | |
| Education level (per level) | –0.031 [−0.068 to 0.006] | 0.1 | –0.016 [−0.035 to 0.002] | 0.09 | –0.019 [−0.036 to −0.002] | 0.02 | 0 | 0.49 | |
| Low diet quality (Yes/No) | 0.102 [0.01–0.193] | 0.03 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 2 hr postload glucose | PRS (per 1 SD increase) | 0.189 [0.068–0.311] | 0.002 | 0.211 [0.156–0.266] | 7.87×10–14 | 0.207 [0.157–0.257] | 5.49×10–16 | 0 | 0.75 |
| Age (year) | 0.127 [0.093–0.161] | 8.34×10–13 | 0.068 [0.055–0.082] | 8.82×10–23 | 0.076 [0.064–0.089] | 1.49×10–32 | 90 | 0.002 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.047 [0.019–0.074] | 0.001 | 0.064 [0.053–0.075] | 1.43×10–29 | 0.062 [0.051–0.072] | 3.44×10–32 | 23 | 0.25 | |
| Born in South Asia (Yes/No) | 0.298 [−0.08 to 0.675] | 0.12 | 0.308 [0.195–0.422] | 1.14×10–07 | 0.308 [0.199–0.416] | 3.09×10–08 | 0 | 0.96 | |
| Parental history of T2D (Yes/No) | 0.361 [0.109–0.613] | 0.005 | 0.242 [0.117–0.366] | 1.00×10–04 | 0.265 [0.154–0.377] | 3.23×10–06 | 0 | 0.4 | |
| Parity | –0.279 [−0.45 to −0.109] | 0.001 | –0.095 [−0.146 to −0.043] | 3.00×10–04 | –0.11 [−0.16 to −0.061] | 1.00×10–05 | 76 | 0.04 | |
| Education level (per level) | –0.063 [−0.176 to 0.051] | 0.28 | –0.073 [−0.124 to −0.022] | 0.005 | –0.071 [−0.118 to −0.025] | 0.002 | 0 | 0.87 | |
| Low diet quality (Yes/No) | 0.365 [0.086–0.644] | 0.01 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| AUC glucose | PRS (per 1 SD increase) | 0.165 [0.099–0.231] | 1.08×10–06 | 0.152 [0.119–0.185] | 2.50×10–19 | 0.155 [0.125–0.184] | 7.74×10–25 | 0 | 0.74 |
| Age (per year) | 0.068 [0.05–0.087] | 1.16×10–12 | 0.043 [0.035–0.051] | 1.01×10–24 | 0.047 [0.039–0.054] | 3.34×10–35 | 84 | 0.01 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.047 [0.032–0.062] | 2.12×10–09 | 0.047 [0.041–0.054] | 8.89×10–44 | 0.047 [0.041–0.053] | 4.27×10–53 | 0 | 0.94 | |
| Born in South Asia (Yes/No) | 0.081 [−0.123 to 0.285] | 0.44 | 0.201 [0.133–0.269] | 8.15×10–09 | 0.189 [0.124–0.253] | 1.01×10–08 | 17 | 0.27 | |
| Parental history of T2D (Yes/No) | 0.122 [−0.015 to 0.258] | 0.08 | 0.138 [0.063–0.213] | 3.00×10–04 | 0.134 [0.069–0.2] | 6.00×10–05 | 0 | 0.83 | |
| Parity | –0.122 [−0.214 to −0.029] | 0.01 | –0.057 [−0.088 to −0.026] | 3.00×10–04 | –0.063 [−0.093 to −0.034] | 2.00×10–05 | 41 | 0.19 | |
| Education level (per level) | –0.045 [−0.106 to 0.016] | 0.15 | –0.045 [−0.075 to −0.014] | 0.004 | –0.045 [−0.072 to −0.017] | 0.001 | 0 | 0.99 | |
| Low diet quality (Yes/No) | 0.215 [0.064–0.366] | 0.005 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| GDM (IADPSG criteria) | PRS (per 1 SD increase) | 1.56 [1.3–1.88] | 2.97×10–06 | 1.42 [1.27–1.59] | 1.09×10–09 | 1.45 [1.32–1.6] | 2.27×10–14 | 0 | 0.4 |
| Age (year) | 1.13 [1.07–1.19] | 2.50×10–06 | 1.1 [1.07–1.13] | 1.07×10–13 | 1.11 [1.08–1.13] | 1.98×10–18 | 0 | 0.4 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1.08 [1.04–1.12] | 1.00×10–04 | 1.08 [1.06–1.11] | 1.01×10–14 | 1.08 [1.06–1.1] | 6.25×10–18 | 0 | 0.87 | |
| Born in South Asia (Yes/No) | 1.35 [0.78–2.43] | 0.3 | 1.72 [1.35–2.19] | 1.00×10–05 | 1.65 [1.33–2.06] | 8.37×10–06 | 0 | 0.44 | |
| Parental history of T2D (Yes/No) | 1.67 [1.17–2.38] | 0.005 | 1.53 [1.21–1.94] | 5.00×10–04 | 1.57 [1.29–1.92] | 7.06×10–06 | 0 | 0.69 | |
| Parity | 0.86 [0.68–1.09] | 0.23 | 0.87 [0.79–0.95] | 0.003 | 0.87 [0.79–0.95] | 0.001 | 0 | 0.99 | |
| Education level (per level) | 0.89 [0.76–1.05] | 0.18 | 0.9 [0.81–0.99] | 0.04 | 0.9 [0.82–0.98] | 0.01 | 0 | 0.96 | |
| Low diet quality (Yes/No) | 1.68 [1.14–2.47] | 0.008 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
Models were additionally adjusted for the first five principal components (PCs) of each study. Abbreviations: BiB, Born in Bradford; BMI, Body mass index; CI, Confidence interval; GDM, Gestational diabetes mellitus; IADPSG, International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups; OR, Odds ratio; QE P, P-value from the test for (residual) heterogeneity; SA, South Asia; SD, Standard deviation; START, South Asian birth cohort; T2D, Type 2 diabetes.