(A) Examples of nanobody-TagBFP expression in 293T cells following transient transfection before (WT) and after (mut1) stage 1, conservation-based mutagenesis. Red signal is from co-transfected CAG-dsRed plasmid. (B) Examples of nanobody-TagBFP expression in 293T cells following transient transfection for nanobodies with Gly52. Wild-type, first-pass conservation-based mutants (mut1), and mutants with up to two additional mutations, Gly52Phe and X90Gln, are depicted. (C) Numbers of stable versus unstable nanobodies (75 total) following first-pass conservation-based mutagenesis (stage 1 mut) and final mutagenesis (+G52F+X90Q). (D) Example mutant variants tested for specific mutationally stabilized nanobodies in order to identify necessary stability mutations. (E) Examples of nanobody-TagBFP expression in 293T cells following transient transfection for nanobodies effectively stabilized by one to two mutations. Scale bar is 20 µm.