Table 1.
A Comparison of the Patients’ Baseline Characteristics, Medication, Laboratory Data at Discharge, and Echocardiographic Data.
| ≤65 years N=134 | 66-75 years N=184 | 76-85 years N=400 | >85 years N=418 | p value | Post hoc analysis* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 55.7±9.2 | 70.8±3.0 | 81.1±2.8 | 90.1±3.3 | <0.001 | a,b,c,d,e,f |
| Male, n (%) | 102 (76.1) | 123 (66.8) | 226 (56.5) | 166 (39.7) | <0.001 | b,c,d,e,f |
| BMI, km/m2 | 24.8±6.6 | 21.7±4.4 | 21.1±3.7 | 19.8±3.7 | <0.001 | a,b,c,e,f |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 82 (61.2) | 119 (64.7) | 246 (61.5) | 283 (67.7) | 0.26 | |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 59 (44.0) | 78 (42.4) | 117 (29.3) | 71 (17.0) | <0.001 | b,c,d,e,f |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 38 (28.4) | 49 (26.6) | 88 (22.0) | 79 (18.9) | 0.059 | |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 43 (32.1) | 102 (55.4) | 215 (53.8) | 230 (55.0) | <0.001 | a,b,c |
| Lung disease, n (%) | 17 (12.7) | 23 (12.5) | 78 (19.5) | 66 (15.8) | 0.096 | |
| Hemodialysis, n (%) | 15 (11.2) | 19 (10.3) | 22 (5.5) | 9 (2.2) | <0.001 | b,c,d,e,f |
| Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 31 (23.1) | 70 (38.0) | 126 (31.5) | 85 (20.3) | <0.001 | a,e,f |
| Cognitive disorder, n (%) | 3 (2.2) | 8 (4.3) | 51 (12.8) | 106 (25.4) | <0.001 | b,c,d,e,f |
| Clinical presentation | ||||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 151.1±42.0 | 145.4±34.6 | 142.0±30.8 | 145.0±32.9 | 0.089 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 95.3±26.2 | 88.8±21.4 | 79.7±20.5 | 81.1±64.6 | 0.005 | b,c |
| Heart rate, bpm | 108.9±30.4 | 100.7±29.1 | 89.3±26.7 | 90.6±27.2 | <0.001 | b,c,d,e |
| NYHA | 0.60 | |||||
| II, n (%) | 7 (5.2) | 11 (6.0) | 20 (5.0) | 12 (2.9) | ||
| III, n (%) | 26 (19.4) | 40 (21.7) | 88 (22.0) | 88 (21.1) | ||
| IV, n (%) | 101 (75.4) | 133 (72.3) | 292 (73.0) | 318 (76.1) | ||
| Etiology | ||||||
| Ischemic cardiomyopathy, n (%) | 31 (23.1) | 70 (38.0) | 126 (31.5) | 85 (20.3) | <0.001 | a,e,f |
| Hospitalization length, days | 22.3±19.4 | 26.3±20.6 | 24.4±18.2 | 26.2±18.9 | 0.14 | |
| Rehabilitation during hospitalization, n (%) | 91 (67.9) | 148 (80.4) | 332 (83.0) | 360 (86.1) | <0.001 | a,b,c |
| Treatment | ||||||
| Intubation, n (%) | 22 (16.4) | 26 (14.1) | 34 (8.5) | 23 (5.5) | <0.001 | b,c,d,e |
| NIPPV, n (%) | 30 (22.4) | 39 (21.2) | 83 (20.8) | 89 (21.3) | 0.98 | |
| IABP, n (%) | 15 (11.2) | 11 (6.0) | 20 (5.0) | 8 (1.9) | <0.001 | b,c,e,f |
| Dobutamine, n (%) | 28 (20.9) | 34 (18.5) | 58 (14.5) | 66 (15.8) | 0.29 | |
| Nitroglycerine, n (%) | 43 (32.1) | 46 (25.0) | 90 (22.5) | 105 (25.1) | 0.18 | |
| hANP, n (%) | 15 (11.2) | 13 (7.1) | 40 (10.0) | 22 (5.3) | 0.036 | c,f |
| β-blocker, n (%) | 108 (80.6) | 160 (87.0) | 304 (76.0) | 296 (70.8) | <0.001 | c,d,e |
| ACEi/ARB, n (%) | 105 (78.3) | 135 (73.4) | 287 (71.8) | 277 (66.3) | 0.035 | c |
| MRA, n (%) | 61 (45.5) | 95 (51.6) | 166 (41.5) | 179 (42.8) | 0.13 | |
| Loop diuretic, n (%) | 86 (64.2) | 121 (65.8) | 297 (74.3) | 344 (82.3) | <0.001 | b,c,d,e,f |
| Tolvaptan, n (%) | 20 (14.9) | 34 (18.5) | 79 (19.8) | 114 (27.3) | 0.0041 | c,e,f |
| Pimobendan, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (2.0) | 10 (2.4) | 0.062 | |
| Digitalis, n (%) | 1 (0.7) | 2 (1.1) | 9 (2.3) | 8 (1.9) | 0.60 | |
| Laboratory data | ||||||
| Hb, g/dL | 12.8±2.6 | 12.2±2.3 | 11.4±2.0 | 11.0±1.8 | <0.001 | b,c,d,e |
| Alb, g/dL | 3.3±0.5 | 3.3±0.5 | 3.1±0.6 | 3.0±0.5 | <0.001 | b,c,d,e |
| T-bil, mg/dL | 0.71±0.49 | 0.80±0.89 | 0.67±0.41 | 0.61±0.40 | 0.003 | e |
| BUN, mg/dL | 22.5±12.7 | 23.1±12.5 | 27.6±18.6 | 29.0±18.3 | <0.001 | b,c,d,e |
| Cre, mg/dL | 1.4±1.5 | 1.3±1.1 | 1.3±1.0 | 1.6±8.0 | 0.83 | |
| BNP, pg/mL (median, IQR) | 197.8 (79.4- 534.4) |
267.1 (152.2- 609.7) |
285.5 (152.7- 587.0) |
307.2 (172.1- 525.1) |
0.22 | |
| Echocardiographic data | ||||||
| LVDd, mm | 56.0±9.1 | 52.7±9.1 | 49.9±8.8 | 46.1±8.0 | <0.001 | a,b,c,d,e,f |
| LVDs, mm | 44.6±11.5 | 40.8±11.2 | 36.8±10.2 | 33.0±9.0 | <0.001 | a,b,c,d,e,f |
| LVEF, % | 41.1±13.3 | 43.4±13.8 | 48.0±13.4 | 49.7±12.9 | <0.001 | b,c,d,e |
| LAD, mm | 43.8±7.7 | 44.2±8.8 | 44.9±20.0 | 42.7±7.5 | 0.17 | |
| E/e’ | 15.3±6.9 | 17.5±9.2 | 17.0±8.0 | 17.7±7.6 | 0.025 | c |
| Clinical Frailty Scale at discharge | <0.001 | b,c,d,e,f | ||||
| 1-3, n (%) | 108 (80.6) | 141 (76.6) | 196 (49.0) | 100 (23.9) | ||
| 4, n (%) | 8 (6.0) | 17 (9.2) | 77 (19.3) | 79 (18.9) | ||
| 5, n (%) | 9 (6.7) | 13 (7.1) | 52 (13.0) | 101 (24.2) | ||
| 6, n (%) | 2 (1.5) | 2 (1.1) | 23 (5.8) | 45 (10.8) | ||
| 7-9, n (%) | 7 (5.2) | 11 (6.0) | 52 (13.0) | 93 (22.2) |
Mean±standard deviation for continuous variables; frequency count n (%) for categorical variables.
ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, Alb: albumin, ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker, BMI: body mass index, BNP: brain natriuretic peptide, BUN: blood urea nitrogen, Cre: ceatinine, hANP: human atrial natriuretic peptide, Hb: hemoglobin, IABP: intra-aortic balloon pumping, LAD: left atrial dimension, LVDd: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, LVDs: left ventricular end-systolic diameter, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, NIPPV: non-invasive positive pressure ventilation, NYHA: New York Heart Association, T-bil: total bilirubin
* Significant difference (p<0.05) between a: ≤65 and 66-75 years, b: ≤65 and 76-85 years, c: ≤65 and >85 years, d: 66-75 and 76-85 years, e: 66-75 and >85 years, f: 76-85 and >85 years