Table 1.
Sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics and cardiometabolic risk factors according to the tertiles of dietary glycemic indices in men.
| Glycemic index | Glycemic load | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | P∗ | T1 | T2 | T3 | P∗ | |
| Age (y) | 39.25 (5.76) | 39.03 (7.48) | 36.91 (6.37) | 0.387 | 39.96 (6.31) | 36.86 (6.80) | 38.65 (6.42) | 0.234 |
| WC | 108.75 (9.29) | 114.72 (5.81) | 112.54 (6.94) | 0.475 | 112.39 (5.29) | 114.16 (8.92) | 112.69 (7.05) | 0.588 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 33.57 (4.06) | 34.08 (2.53) | 33.73 (2.86) | 0.708 | 33.19 (2.59) | 34.11 (3.67) | 33.87 (2.96) | 0.559 |
| Physical activity level, (%) | 0.207 | 0.461 | ||||||
| Low | 41.2 | 29.4 | 29.4 | 20.6 | 47.1 | 32.4 | ||
| Moderate | 28.1 | 25.0 | 46.9 | 28.1 | 34.4 | 37.5 | ||
| High | 20.0 | 46.7 | 33.3 | 23.3 | 26.7 | 50.0 | ||
| Marital status, (%) | 0.479 | 0.554 | ||||||
| Married | 20.0 | 20.0 | 40.0 | 13.3 | 46.7 | 40.0 | ||
| Single | 32.1 | 32.1 | 35.8 | 25.9 | 34.6 | 39.5 | ||
| SES, n (%) | 0.450 | 0.468 | ||||||
| Low | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
| Middle | 16.7 | 50.0 | 33.3 | 26.7 | 23.3 | 50.0 | ||
| High | 35.3 | 26.2 | 38.5 | 23.1 | 43.1 | 33.8 | ||
| Stress, n (%) | 0.846 | 0.171 | ||||||
| Normal | 30.4 | 37.0 | 32.6 | 19.6 | 45.7 | 34.8 | ||
| Mild | 29.4 | 35.3 | 35.3 | 47.1 | 23.5 | 29.4 | ||
| Moderate | 29.4 | 23.5 | 47.1 | 35.3 | 17.6 | 47.1 | ||
| Severe | 20.0 | 40.0 | 40.0 | 0.0 | 30.0 | 70.0 | ||
| Extremely severe | 50.0 | 16.7 | 33.3 | 0.0 | 66.7 | 33.3 | ||
| Appetite | 35.14 (9.29) | 34.83 (9.94) | 34.80 (9.73) | 0.883 | 31.04 (9.67) | 35.89 (9.72) | 36.53 (8.84) | 0.110 |
| LDL-C, (mg/dl) | 112.60 (25.50)∗ | 118.12 (24.27) | 129.12 (29.34)∗ | 0.024 | 119.20 (27.43) | 125.14 (28.04) | 116.94 (26.57) | 0.221 |
| HDL, (mg/dl) | 42.43 (7.50) | 42.90 (8.69) | 42.57 (7.62) | 0.986 | 41.52 (7.75) | 43.89 (8.93) | 42.09 (6.71) | 0.474 |
| Cholesterol, (mg/dl) | 185.21 (33.07) | 184.28 (26.74) | 197.86 (31.71) | 0.084 | 184.00 (31.07) | 197.69 (31.65) | 185.41 (29.44) | 0.095 |
| TG, (mg/dl) | 125.50 (96.50, 177.50) | 116.00 (87.50, 134.50) | 111.00 (78.00, 169.00) | 0.214 | 90.00 (80.00, 134.00) | 121.00 (92.00, 159.00) | 123.00 (87.50, 169.00) | 0.204 |
| AIP | 0.14 (0.23) | 0.05 (0.23) | 0.08 (0.27) | 0.229 | 0.04 (0.26) | 0.11 (0.25) | 0.10 (0.23) | 0.511 |
| Glucose, (mg/dl) | 92.00 (85.00, 99.25) | 91.00 (86.50, 100.00) | 91.00 (85.00, 101.00) | 0.985 | 91.00 (85.00, 100.00) | 92.00 (89.00, 101.00) | 91.50 (84.00, 101.00) | 0.844 |
| Insulin, U/mL | 15.30 (9.15, 26.60) | 10.60 (8.05, 18.20) | 11.50 (9.00, 17.20) | 0.170 | 12.20 (10.00, 23.10) | 13.20 (8.60, 23.60) | 10.80 (8.75, 18.32) | 0.473 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.58 (2.03, 5.97) | 2.68 (1.75, 4.25) | 2.70 (1.94, 4.00) | 0.267 | 3.22 (2.10, 5.25) | 3.20 (1.95, 4.88) | 2.46 (1.86, 3.94) | 0.452 |
| QUICKI | 0.32 (0.03) | 0.33 (0.03) | 0.33 (0.03) | 0.371 | 0.32 (0.03) | 0.32 (0.03) | 0.33 (0.03) | 0.493 |
| SBP(mmHg) | 112.21 (22.87) | 117.93 (13.79) | 118.71 (14.11) | 0.286 | 117.17 (12.78) | 120.29 (12.66) | 112.12 (22.53) | 0.217 |
| DBP(mmHg) | 71.75 (16.08) | 78.10 (9.77) | 77.14 (11.90) | 0.108 | 77.61 (13.56) | 76.71 (10.64) | 73.65 (14.56) | 0.486 |
| MetS (%) | 32.4 | 29.7 | 37.8 | 0.936 | 24.3 | 35.1 | 40.5 | 0.953 |
| MC4R (%) | 0.011 | 0.927 | ||||||
| CC | 27.3 | 18.2 | 54.5 | 27.2 | 36.4 | 36.4 | ||
| CT | 26.1 | 34.8 | 39.1 | 21.7 | 43.5 | 34.8 | ||
| TT | 40.0 | 51.4 | 8.6 | 25.7 | 40.0 | 34.3 | ||
Data are presented as mean (SD) or median (25 and 75 percentiles). ∗Analysis of variance for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables. Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; SES: socioeconomic status; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TG: triglyceride; QUICKI: quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; AIP: atherogenic index of plasma; MC4R: melanocortin-4 receptor.