Table 4.
Factor associated with barotrauma (univariable and multivariable analysis).
| Univariable analysis |
Multivariable analysis |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Male sex | 1.51 | 0.95,2.40 | 0.080 | |||
| Age | 1.03 | 1.01,1.04 | 0.005 | 2.00 | 1.13,3.52 | 0.017 |
| BMI | 0.99 | 0.95,1.04 | 0.698 | 1.02 | 1.00,1.04 | 0.029 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.21 | 0.81,1.81 | 0.352 | |||
| COPD | 0.55 | 0.27,1.13 | 0.105 | |||
| Solid cancer | 0.81 | 0.39,1.69 | 0.577 | |||
| Haematologic disease | 1.25 | 0.58,2.69 | 0.563 | |||
| Diabetes | 1 | 0.62,1.62 | 1.000 | |||
| CKD | 1.35 | 0.68,2.71 | 0.391 | |||
| Immunosoppression | 2.77 | 1.19,6.41 | 0.018 | |||
| qCSI | 1.13 | 1.07,1.18 | <0.001 | |||
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio ad admission | 0.99 | 0.99,0.99 | 0.004 | |||
| Respiratory rate ad admission | 1.05 | 1.01,1.10 | 0.014 | 1.00 | 0.834 | |
| (A-a)DO2 | 1.00 | 0.99,1.01 | 0.667 | |||
| Ventilation strategies | ||||||
| HFNO vs. COT | 0.55 | -0.44,1.54 | 0.275 | 1.40 | 0.49,4.01 | 0.534 |
| CPAP/PSV vs. COT | 2.06 | 1.35,2.76 | <0.001 | 5.04 | 2.30,11.08 | <0.001 |
| CPAP/PSV vs. HFNO | 1.51 | 0.56,2.46 | 0.002 | 3.00 | 1.09,8.27 | 0.033 |
| IMV vs. COT | 2.33 | 1.63,3.04 | <0.001 | 6.24 | 2.86,13.60 | <0.001 |
| IMV vs. HFNO | 1.78 | 0.84,2.73 | <0.001 | 4.12 | 1.51,11.27 | 0.006 |
| IMV vs. CPAP/PSV | 0.27 | -0.34,0.89 | 0.382 | 1.37 | 0.70,2.70 | 0.359 |
| IMV/CPAP/PSV vs COT/HNFO | 7.81 | 4.44,13.74 | <0.001 | |||
| IMV vs NIRS | 3.52 | 2.08,5.98 | <0.001 | |||
| Extent (%) of lung involvement | ||||||
| 25-49% vs. 0-24% | 1.35 | 0.55,3.32 | 0.514 | 0.93 | 0.33,2.63 | 0.895 |
| 50-74% vs. 0-24% | 3.91 | 1.61,9.52 | 0.003 | 2.07 | 0.75,5.76 | 0.161 |
| 50-74% vs. 25-49% | 2.90 | 1.68,5.02 | <0.001 | 2.31 | 1.22,4.39 | 0.010 |
| ≥75% vs. 0-24% | 4.33 | 1.63,11.52 | 0.003 | 1.80 | 0.57,5.72 | 0.318 |
| ≥75% vs. 25-49% | 3.21 | 1.65,6.23 | 0.001 | 2.01 | 0.92,4.41 | 0.081 |
| ≥75% vs. 50-74% | 1.11 | 0.60,2.04 | 0.743 | 0.87 | 0.43,1.77 | 0.699 |
| White blood cells (n/µL) | 1.00 | 1.00,1.00 | 0.836 | |||
| Lymphocytes count(n/µL) | 1.00 | 1.00,1.00 | 0.472 | |||
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.01 | 1.01,1.01 | 0.014 | 1.00 | 0.99,1.01 | 0.348 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 1.12 | 0.96,1.31 | 0.156 | |||
| Proadrenomedullin (mmol/L) | 1.00 | 0.98,1.01 | 0.682 | |||
| Interleukin 6 (pg/mL) | 1.00 | 1.00,1.00 | 0.105 | |||
| LDH (IU/L) | 1.00 | 1.00,1.00 | 0.421 | |||
| D-dimer test (FeU/mL) | 1 | 1.00,1.00 | 0.938 | |||
| Bacterial co-infections | 2.56 | 1.48,4.43 | 0.001 | 1.79 | 0.93,3.46 | 0.081 |
| Fungal co-infections | 5.65 | 2.73,11.66 | <0.001 | 5.27 | 2.10,13.24 | <0.001 |
Legend. BMI: Body Mass Index; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: CKD: Chronic kidney disease, (A-a)DO2: alveolar-arterial gradient; GGO: ground glass; paO2/FiO2 ratio: ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure (paO2 in mmHg) to the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), CPAP/PSV: Continuous positive airway pressure ventilation/pressure support ventilation, HFNO: high flow nasal oxygen; IMV: invasive mechanical ventilation; NIRS: noninvasive respiratory support; CRP: C reactive protein; PCT: procalcitonin; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase.