Table 2.
Summary of included data sorted according to ASC induction methods.
| Induction Method | Articles | Datasets | Number of Applications | Mean sample size per dataset ± SD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pharmacological | 2C-B (4-Bromo-2,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamine) | 2 | 2 | 51 | 25.5 ± 13.4 |
| 4-FA (4-Fluoroamphetamine) | 1 | 3 | 36 | 12 | |
| 5-MeO-DMT (5-Methoxy-N,N- Dimethyltryptamine) | 5 | 15 | 932 | 62.1 ± 79.7 | |
| DMT + MAO* Inhibitor (“Ayahuasca”) | 11 | 20 | 436 | 21.8 ± 18.3 | |
| DMT (N,N-Dimethyltryptamine) | 9 | 22 | 295 | 13.4 ± 8 | |
| DXM (Dextromethorphan) | 1 | 7 | 84 | 12 | |
| D-Amphetamine | 1 | 8 | 32 | 4 | |
| D-Methamphetamine | 1 | 1 | 8 | 8 | |
| Ergotamine | 1 | 3 | 51 | 17 | |
| Ibogaine | 1 | 1 | 27 | 27 | |
| Kambô (Giant Leaf Frog) | 1 | 4 | 22 | 22 | |
| Ketamine | 24 | 33 | 599 | 18.1 ± 7.3 | |
| LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) | 20 | 66 | 2494 | 37.8 ± 151.6 | |
| Mazindol | 1 | 1 | 10 | 10 | |
| MDA (3,4-Methylene dioxy amphetamine) | 1 | 3 | 36 | 12 | |
| MDE (3,4-Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine) | 2 | 2 | 22 | 11 ± 4.2 | |
| MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxy methamphetamine, “Ecstasy”) | 20 | 45 | 815 | 18.1 ± 9 | |
| Mescaline (Peyote, San Pedro cacti) | 1 | 1 | 12 | 12 | |
| Psilocybin (“Magic Mushrooms”) | 35 | 112 | 1900 | 17 ± 12.2 | |
| Salvinorin-A (Salvia Divinorum) | 10 | 69 | 692 | 8.2 ± 10 | |
| THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) | 1 | 1 | 19 | 19 | |
| Triazolam | 2 | 4 | 64 | 16 ± 4.6 | |
| Non-pharmacological | Chanting (religious) | 1 | 9 | 401 | 44.6 ± 27 |
| Drumming and Dancing | 2 | 3 | 187 | 62.3 ± 38.9 | |
| Flicker Light Stimulation | 1 | 6 | 144 | 24 | |
| Ganzfeld | 3 | 13 | 306 | 23.5 ± 5.2 | |
| Hetero-Hypnosis | 8 | 20 | 1059 | 53 ± 78.7 | |
| Kundalini Meditation | 1 | 1 | 12 | 12 | |
| Mind Machine | 1 | 2 | 60 | 30 | |
| Olfactory Epithelium Stimulus† | 1 | 1 | 12 | 12 | |
| Sweat Lodge | 1 | 2 | 110 | 55 | |
| Zen Meditation | 1 | 1 | 14 | 14 | |
This table contains, the sum of journal articles reporting on each of the identified induction method (“Articles”), the sum of experiments conducted (“Datasets”), the sum of all applications of the questionnaires on individual study participants (“Applications”), as well as the sample size per dataset given as mean ± standard deviation (“Mean sample size per dataset ± SD”).
*MAO: Monoamine oxidase †Olfactory Epithelium Stimulus is not an induction method itself, but it is investigated as the mechanism underlying breathing techniques.