Fig. 5. NDV therapy induces type I IFN-dependent T cell activation.

a GFP⁺ A20 tumor-bearing mice were treated as indicated and tumor, TdLNs and spleens were harvested and analyzed by spectral flow cytometry (b–d). b Stacked bar graphs of activation marker expression on intratumoral CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T cells. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (vs untreated). c Percent Ly6c⁺ Th1 effector cells (Th1_eff) within CD4⁺ T cells. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test; n = 5 mice per group (b, c). d Tumors from NDV-alone or Flt3L+NDV-treated GFP⁺ A20 tumor-bearing mice were harvested and IFN-γ, Tbet, CXCR3 and Ki67 were analyzed in Ly6C⁺ vs Ly6C⁻ CD4⁺ T cells. Paired, two-tailed t-test; NDV, n = 6; Flt3L+NDV, n = 8. Representative from 2 independent experiments. e Uninfected or NDV-preinfected A20 cells were co-cultured with splenocytes in the presence of 20 μg/ml IFNAR-blocking or isotype-control antibodies. After 24 h, T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry; Two-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. Data show mean ± SD.