Figure 1.

Study design

Subjects were assigned to three different study-arms. One group of PD patients and a control group received 5 g RS twice a day for a total period of 8 weeks. The second group of PD patients solely received DI. Fecal samples and clinical scores were collected at baseline, after 4 weeks, and after 8 weeks for analysis. +RS in the pictograms visualizes subjects receiving RS, −RS in the pictograms visualizes subjects not receiving RS. PD, Parkinson’s disease; RS, resistant starch; SCFA, short-chain fatty acid; DI, dietary instruction.