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. 2022 Nov 22;13:7164. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-34883-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Schematic illustration of the uptake and antibacterial effect of EV-Pd-Pt. Killing effect of EV-Pd-Pt against S. aureus by the plate counting method. Photographs of S. aureus colonies (b) and corresponding viability (c) after different treatments. Data are presented as mean values ± SD (n = 3 independent samples). Statistical significance was calculated by two-tailed Student’s t-test. d Live/dead fluorescence staining images of S. aureus after different treatments. e Detection of ROS level in S. aureus after different treatments. d, e Experiments were repeated three times independently with similar results. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.