TABLE 1.
Phytochemicals targeting the glycolysis for gastric cancer therapy. (↑ increase, ↓ decrease).
Compound | Source | Experimental model | Efficacy | Mechanism | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In Vitro | In Vivo | |||||
Rosmarinic acid | Rosmarinus officinalis | MKN-45 | MKN45 xenograft mice | Inhibition of proliferation and glycolysis | ↓IL6/STAT3; ↓miR-155; ↓HIF-1α | Han et al. (2015) |
Curcumin | Zingiberaceae and Araceae | SGC-7901; BGC-823 | BGC xenograft mice | Inhibition of proliferation and glycolysis; Induction of apoptosis | ↑ROS; ↑p53 | Wang L et al. (2017) |
Catechin | Camellia sinensis | SNU620 | — | Induction of apoptosis; Inhibition of glycolysis | ↓LDHA | Han et al. (2021) |
Wogonin | Scutellaria baicalensis | SGC-7901 | — | Inhibition of proliferation and glycolysis | ↓HIF-1α; ↓MCT4; ↓LDH | Wang et al. (2019) |
Baicalein | Scutellaria baicalensis | AGS | — | Inhibition of proliferation and glycolysis | ↑PTEN; ↓Akt; ↓HIF-1α; ↓HK2; ↓LDHA; ↓PDK1 | Chen et al. (2015) |
Licochalcone A | Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch | MKN-45; SGC-7901 | MKN-45 xenograft mice | Inhibition of proliferation and glycolysis; Induction of apoptosis | ↓Akt; ↓HK2 | Wu et al. (2018) |
Helichrysetin | Alpinia katsumadai Hayata | MGC803; SGC7901 | MGC-823 xenograft mice | Induction of apoptosis; Inhibition of glycolysis | ↓c-Myc; ↓PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6k; ↓PDHK1; ↓LDHA | Wang P et al. (2022) |
Luteolin | Lonicera japonica | AGS; BGC-823; SGC-7901 | BGC-823 xenograft mice | Inhibition of proliferation | ↑miR-34a; ↓HK1; ↑p53/p21; ↓MEK/ERK | Zhou et al. (2018) |
Total flavones of Selaginella uncinata | Selaginella uncinata | AGS | — | Inhibition of proliferation and glycolysis; Induction of apoptosis | ↓circ_0009910 | Zhang and Yu, (2020) |
Podofilox | Podophyllum peltatum L | AGS; HGC-27 | — | Inhibition of proliferation | ↓c-Myc/ATG10; ↑p53; ↓HK2; ↓PKM2 | An et al. (2021) |
Paeonol | Paeonia suffruticosa Andr | BGC-823; MGC-803 | BGC-823/AP xenograft mice | Inhibition of proliferation, invasion and glycolysis; Induction of apoptosis | ↓LINC00665/miR-665/MAPK1 | Li et al. (2022) |
Salidroside | Rhodiola Rosea | SGC-7901; MKN-45 | MKN-45 and SGC-7901 cell xenografts mice | Inhibition of proliferation, invasion and glycolysis; Induction of apoptosis | ↓PKM2; ↓ENO1; ↓GLUT1 | Dai et al. (2021) |
β-Asarone | Acorus calamus L | MGC-803; SGC-7901; MKN74 | — | Inhibition of proliferation; Induction of apoptosis | ↓STAT5/c-Myc; ↓HIF-1α; ↓PDK1/4; ↓LDH | Tao et al. (2020) |
Crocin | Crocus sativus L | AGS; HGC-27 | — | Inhibition of invasion | ↑miR-320; ↓KLF5; ↓HIF-1α↓LDH | Zhou et al. (2019), Granchi et al. (2017) |
Oleanolic acid | Olea europaea L | MKN-45; SGC-7901 | — | Inhibition of proliferation and glycolysis | ↓YAP; ↓HIF-1α; ↓HK2; ↓PFK1 | Li Y et al. (2019) |
Tanshinone IIA | Salvia miltiorrhiza | AGS | — | Inhibition of proliferation and glycolysis | ↑p53; ↓Akt; ↓G6PI; ↓LDHB | Lin et al. (2015b) |
Ouabain Oleandrin Digoxin | Strophanthus gratus Nerium oleander L. Digitalis purpurea | MKN | — | Inhibition of proliferation and glycolysis | ↓GLUT1 | Fujii et al. (2022) |
DT-13 | Ophiopogon japonicus | BGC-823 | BGC-823 xenografts mice | Inhibition of proliferation and glycolysis; Induction of apoptosis | ↓NM IIA; ↓EGFR↓HK2; ↓PKM2; ↓LDHA | Yu et al. (2019) |
Celastrol | Tripterygium wilfordii | BGC-823 | — | Inhibition of proliferation and glycolysis; Induction of apoptosis | ↓GLUT1; ↓HK2; ↓LDH | Li K et al. (2019) |
Kirenol | Siegesbeckia orientalis L | — | MNG-stimulated GC in rats | Inhibition of tumor growth | ↓NF-Κb; ↓LDH | Liu W et al. (2020) |
Taraxasterol | Taraxacum mongolicum | HGC-27 | — | Inhibition of proliferation and glycolysis; Induction of apoptosis | ↓GPD2; ↓HK2; ↓LDHA; ↓PFKM | Zhao et al. (2021) |