TABLE 1.

Phytochemicals targeting the glycolysis for gastric cancer therapy. (↑ increase, ↓ decrease).

Compound	Source	Experimental model		Efficacy	Mechanism	References
		In Vitro	In Vivo
Rosmarinic acid	Rosmarinus officinalis	MKN-45	MKN45 xenograft mice	Inhibition of proliferation and glycolysis	↓IL6/STAT3; ↓miR-155; ↓HIF-1α	Han et al. (2015)
Curcumin	Zingiberaceae and Araceae	SGC-7901; BGC-823	BGC xenograft mice	Inhibition of proliferation and glycolysis; Induction of apoptosis	↑ROS; ↑p53	Wang L et al. (2017)
Catechin	Camellia sinensis	SNU620	—	Induction of apoptosis; Inhibition of glycolysis	↓LDHA	Han et al. (2021)
Wogonin	Scutellaria baicalensis	SGC-7901	—	Inhibition of proliferation and glycolysis	↓HIF-1α; ↓MCT4; ↓LDH	Wang et al. (2019)
Baicalein	Scutellaria baicalensis	AGS	—	Inhibition of proliferation and glycolysis	↑PTEN; ↓Akt; ↓HIF-1α; ↓HK2; ↓LDHA; ↓PDK1	Chen et al. (2015)
Licochalcone A	Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch	MKN-45; SGC-7901	MKN-45 xenograft mice	Inhibition of proliferation and glycolysis; Induction of apoptosis	↓Akt; ↓HK2	Wu et al. (2018)
Helichrysetin	Alpinia katsumadai Hayata	MGC803; SGC7901	MGC-823 xenograft mice	Induction of apoptosis; Inhibition of glycolysis	↓c-Myc; ↓PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6k; ↓PDHK1; ↓LDHA	Wang P et al. (2022)
Luteolin	Lonicera japonica	AGS; BGC-823; SGC-7901	BGC-823 xenograft mice	Inhibition of proliferation	↑miR-34a; ↓HK1; ↑p53/p21; ↓MEK/ERK	Zhou et al. (2018)
Total flavones of Selaginella uncinata	Selaginella uncinata	AGS	—	Inhibition of proliferation and glycolysis; Induction of apoptosis	↓circ_0009910	Zhang and Yu, (2020)
Podofilox	Podophyllum peltatum L	AGS; HGC-27	—	Inhibition of proliferation	↓c-Myc/ATG10; ↑p53; ↓HK2; ↓PKM2	An et al. (2021)
Paeonol	Paeonia suffruticosa Andr	BGC-823; MGC-803	BGC-823/AP xenograft mice	Inhibition of proliferation, invasion and glycolysis; Induction of apoptosis	↓LINC00665/miR-665/MAPK1	Li et al. (2022)
Salidroside	Rhodiola Rosea	SGC-7901; MKN-45	MKN-45 and SGC-7901 cell xenografts mice	Inhibition of proliferation, invasion and glycolysis; Induction of apoptosis	↓PKM2; ↓ENO1; ↓GLUT1	Dai et al. (2021)
β-Asarone	Acorus calamus L	MGC-803; SGC-7901; MKN74	—	Inhibition of proliferation; Induction of apoptosis	↓STAT5/c-Myc; ↓HIF-1α; ↓PDK1/4; ↓LDH	Tao et al. (2020)
Crocin	Crocus sativus L	AGS; HGC-27	—	Inhibition of invasion	↑miR-320; ↓KLF5; ↓HIF-1α↓LDH	Zhou et al. (2019), Granchi et al. (2017)
Oleanolic acid	Olea europaea L	MKN-45; SGC-7901	—	Inhibition of proliferation and glycolysis	↓YAP; ↓HIF-1α; ↓HK2; ↓PFK1	Li Y et al. (2019)
Tanshinone IIA	Salvia miltiorrhiza	AGS	—	Inhibition of proliferation and glycolysis	↑p53; ↓Akt; ↓G6PI; ↓LDHB	Lin et al. (2015b)
Ouabain Oleandrin Digoxin	Strophanthus gratus Nerium oleander L. Digitalis purpurea	MKN	—	Inhibition of proliferation and glycolysis	↓GLUT1	Fujii et al. (2022)
DT-13	Ophiopogon japonicus	BGC-823	BGC-823 xenografts mice	Inhibition of proliferation and glycolysis; Induction of apoptosis	↓NM IIA; ↓EGFR↓HK2; ↓PKM2; ↓LDHA	Yu et al. (2019)
Celastrol	Tripterygium wilfordii	BGC-823	—	Inhibition of proliferation and glycolysis; Induction of apoptosis	↓GLUT1; ↓HK2; ↓LDH	Li K et al. (2019)
Kirenol	Siegesbeckia orientalis L	—	MNG-stimulated GC in rats	Inhibition of tumor growth	↓NF-Κb; ↓LDH	Liu W et al. (2020)
Taraxasterol	Taraxacum mongolicum	HGC-27	—	Inhibition of proliferation and glycolysis; Induction of apoptosis	↓GPD2; ↓HK2; ↓LDHA; ↓PFKM	Zhao et al. (2021)