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. 2022 Nov 10;15:1039302. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1039302

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Mechanisms of exercise for pain management in Parkinson’s disease (PD). The analgesic mechanism of exercise on PD-induced pain, including neuroplasticity and neural recovery, attenuation of neuronal apoptosis, dopaminergic analgesic pathway, non-dopaminergic analgesic pathway, and inhibition of oxidative stress. HSP-70, the 70 kilodalton heat shock proteins.