Fig. 4. Tranilast micelles significantly improve the efficacy of nano-immunotherapy.

a Study treatment protocol for the effect of tranilast micelles on nano-immunotherapy. Tumor volume (b) and mass (c) of E0771 tumors. Both 6 and 15 mg/kg of EPI/m chemotherapy exhibited a significant antitumor effect when combined with immunotherapy and tranilast treatment (n = 10 mice). d Tumor elastic modulus values measured with ultrasound elastography at the completion of the treatments (day 21). (n = 5 mice, N = 2 image fields per mouse). Data are presented as mean ± SE. For (b–d), statistical analyses were performed by comparing means between two independent groups using the unpaired parametric Welch t test. e Relative change in primary tumor volume at the end of the experiment compared to tumor volume prior to initiation of the treatments as a function of the elastic modulus before treatment initiation (R² = 0.77, quantifiable analysis of how well the line of best fit, fits the data). (a) was created with BioRender.com.