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. 2022 Nov 23;12:20155. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-24210-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Image parameters. (a) Lateral and (b) axial resolution of focusing optics was characterized by a point spread function (PSF) measured using 0.1 μm diameter fluorescent microspheres. A full-width-half-maximum (FWHM) of 1.1 and 13.6 μm, respectively, was measured. Inset: expanded view of single microspheres in the lateral (XY) and axial (XZ) directions are shown. (c) A fluorescence image collected from a standard (USAF 1951) target bars (red oval) shows that group 7–6 can be clearly resolved. (d) An image of dispersed 10 μm diameter fluorescent microspheres demonstrates an image FOV of 250 μm × 250 μm. PSFs in (a, b) were plotted using MATLAB R2019a (https://www.mathworks.com/). (c, d) Fluorescence images were collected using LabVIEW 2021 (https://www.ni.com/).