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. 2022 Nov 23;12:19593. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23369-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Animal species extinction percentages in the marine (blue circle) and terrestrial (red square) realms from CE 1700 to 2500 by all causes without nuclear war in the PETM case (a), those under minor nuclear war in the PETM case (b), those under major nuclear war in the PETM case (c), those without nuclear war in the mass extinction case (d), those under minor nuclear war in the mass extinction case (e), those under major nuclear war in the mass extinction case (f), in the most likely case (solid lines with closed dots) and the worst case (dushed lines with open dots). Thick lines: different contribution case. Thin lines: equal contribution case. The light blue and orange bars under the horizontal axes show the timing of the stoppage of GHG emissions in the most likely case and in the worst case, respectively. The maximum values of species extinction (%) correspond to the final species extinction magnitude. These data are shown in Supplementary Tables S5–S8. The maximum extinction magnitude occurred in ~ 2100 CE under no nuclear war case.