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. 2022 Nov 23;13(11):991. doi: 10.1038/s41419-022-05422-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — A H&E staining of liver tissues from two groups, including CD-fed mice and ethanol-fed mice (n = 6). Scale bar, 50 μM, magnification, 200×; Magnified pictures, scale bar, 20 μM. B Oil red O staining of liver tissues from the two groups, The pictures are sorted the same as the H&E staining in Fig. 1A (n = 6). Scale bar, 50 μM, magnification, 200×; Magnified pictures, scale bar, 20 μM. C Representative images of liver tissue captured by transmission electron microscopy (n = 6). Autophagosomes are marked by red arrows. Mi is the abbreviation for mitochondria. LD is the abbreviation of lipid droplet. Scale bar, 2 μM, magnification, 1000×; scale bar, 500 nM, magnification, 2500×. D Immunoblot of liver tissue lysates from the CD-fed group and ethanol-treated group (n = 6). Quantification of the ratios of LC3II/LC3I and p62/β-actin. E The time, dosage and form of rapamycin administration by adopting the Gao-Binge protocol to establish an animal model in C57BL/6 mice. (6–8 mice per group). F H&E staining of liver tissues from two groups, including saline-treated mice and rapamycin-treated mice (n = 6). Scale bar, 50 μM, magnification, 200×; Magnified pictures, scale bar, 20 μM. G Oil red O staining of liver tissues from the two groups. The pictures are sorted the same as the H&E staining in Fig. 1F (n = 6). Scale bar, 50 μM, magnification, 200×; Magnified pictures, scale bar, 20 μM. H Representative image of liver tissue captured by transmission electron microscopy (n = 6). Autophagosomes are marked by red arrows. Mi is the abbreviation of mitochondria. LD is the abbreviation for lipid droplets. Scale bar, 2 μM, magnification, 1000×; scale bar, 500 nM, magnification, 2500×. I Immunoblot of liver tissue lysates from the saline-treated group and rapamycin-treated group (n = 6). Quantification of the ratios of LC3II/LC3I and p62/β-actin. Data represent the mean ± SEM of six biological replicates per condition. Each dot represents a mouse. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. NS indicates no significance (two-tailed t-tests).