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. 2022 Nov 10;9:1034131. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1034131

TABLE 1.

Clinical and demographic characteristics of participants.

Overall Control Dry eyeInline graphic
Total number 24 10 14
% female 17/24 7/10 10/14
% Chinese 19/24 7/10 12/14
Age (years)
mean ± SD 		44.2 ± 15.0 44.1 ± 14.3 44.3 ± 16.2
Redness (1–4)
mean ± SD 		1.0 ± 0.4 1.1 ± 0.4 1.0 ± 0.4
Schirmer (mm)
mean ± SD 		13.9 ± 8.7 14.0 ± 10.9 13.8 ± 6.2
NIBUTInline graphic (s)
mean ± SD 		9.3 ± 5.8 8.7 ± 5.2 9.9 ± 6.5
Fluorescein staining in any corneal zone Inline graphic 8/24 3/10 5/14

Inline graphicParticipants are classified under dry eye if they demonstrated dry eye symptoms and one of the clinical signs (Staining, Schirmer’s test or NIBUT). Since participants in the dry eye group tend not to have abnormal results in all the tests: staining, Schirmer’s test and NIBUT, these parameters are individually not lower than the control group, and the values had a large SD. Inline graphicNon-invasive tear break up times. Inline graphicThe staining were mild in the zones when present, with no cases of above 10 fluorescein spots in any single corneal zone. Control and dry eye groups were not significantly different in any of the parameters above (p > 0.05).