TABLE 3.
Studies of healthy ocular surface microbiome.
| Author, year | Location | Sample | Sequencing method | Species/Genus/Phylum of commensal |
| Kang et al. (37) | Wenzhou, China | Conjunctival swab | Shotgun metagenomic | Two phyla, 70 genera, and 140 species high relative abundances and positivity rates: Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes, Corynebacterium accolens, and Enhydrobacter aerosaccus. |
| Deng et al. (38) | Three cities, China | Conjunctival swab | Shotgun metagenomic | Predominant species: Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus, Epidermidis, opportunistic pathogen Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus haemolyticus also found Phylum level: Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chlamydiae, Chorobi, Deinococcus-thermus, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, Spirochetes and Tenericutes |
| Wen et al. (41) | Guangzhou, China | Conjunctival swab | Shotgun metagenomic | The most predominant species: Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Ochrobactrum anthropic, Acidovorax sp., Acidovorax ebreus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus haemolyticus |
| Dong et al. (34) | US | Conjunctival swab | 16S rRNA | Core microbiota at genera level: Pseudomonas, Propionibacterium, Bradyrhizobium, Corynebacterium, Acinetobacter, Brevundimonas, Staphylococci, Aquabacterium, Sphingomonas, Streptococcus, Streptophyta, and Methylobacterium |
| Huang et al. (64) | Qingdao, China | Conjunctival swab | 16S rRNA | The most predominant 10 phyla: Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Deinococcuse-Thermus, Fusobacteria, Cyanobacteria/Chloroplast, Acidobacteria, Candidatus Saccharibacteria and Spirochetes. The most predominant 10 genera: Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, Streptococcus, Millisia, Anaerococcus, Finegoldia, Simonsiella and Veillonella |
| Doan et al. (65) | Seattle, USA | Conjunctival, buccal, cheek swabs | 16S rRNA | Most predominant 4 genera: Corynebacteria, Propionibacteria, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus |
| Ozkan et al. (66) | Australia | Conjunctival swabs, baseline, 1 and 3 months | 16s rRNA | By culture, most predominant phyla: Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria; most frequent genera: Staphylococcus, Proprionibacterium, Micrococcus and Corynebacterium By16s rRNA, most predominant phyla: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria; most frequent genera: Corynebacterium, Acinetobacteria, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Streptococcus, Massilia, and Rothia |
| Ozkan et al. (67) | Australia | Conjunctival swabs (from pterygium surgery) | 16S rRNA | Pseudomonas dominated the fornix and limbus. Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, and Serratia dominated in surface samples and low in the fornix and limbus samples. Acinetobacter and Thermoanerobacterium similar among groups |
| Cavuoto et al. (56) | USA | Conjunctival, lid margin swabs | 16S rRNA | Phylum level: Proteobacteria Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria abundant in both children and adult; Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes depleted in adults, while Actinobacteria increased. Genus level: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Brachybacterium reduced, while Corynebacterium, Paracoccus, and Propionibacterium increased. |
| Cavuoto et al. (55) | USA | Conjunctival nasal, throat swabs | 16S rRNA | Most abundant phyla: Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Most abundant family: Staphylococcaceae, Streptococcaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Oceanospirillaceae, and Bacillaceae. Staphylococcus species predominant |
| Cavuoto et al. (68) | US | Conjunctival swab, eyelid margin, periocular skin | 16S rRNA | Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes dominated eyelid margin, whereas Firmicutes dominated periocular skin. |
| Fan et al. (57) | Qingdao, China | Conjunctival swab | 16S rRNA | Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter and Streptococcus dominated before treatment. After treatment with 5.0% PVI, Pseudomonas, Corynebacterium and Acinetobacter predominant |
| Suzuki et al. (69) | Japan | Eyelid, meibum, conjunctival sac, lower-eyelid skin | 16s rRNA | P. acnes or Pseudomonas sp. dominated meibum; P. acnes for conjunctival sac. Corynebacterium sp. or the Neisseriaceae dominant in elderly. |
| Matysiak et al. (62) | Poland | cornea tissues; conjunctival swab | RNA-seq, traditional culture and PCR | By conventional and molecular methods, most dominant phylum in ocular samples: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobateria. |
| Ozkan et al. (70) | Australia | Eyelid margin tissues; fornix and limbus conjunctival tissues, conjunctival, facial skin swabs | 16S rRNA | Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus resident on skin and lid margin; Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus mainly on ocular surface; Pseudomonas mainly on conjunctival and lid margin. |