Table 2.
Demographic and sociographic characteristics according to gender and hansik intake defined by the Kdiet-index score.
| Men (n = 20,293) | Women (n = 38,408) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low-hansik (n = 6,271) | High-hansik (n = 14,022) | Low-hansik (n = 7,728) | High-hansik (n = 30,680) | |
| Age (years) | 54.1 ± 0.10b | 57.5 ± 0.07a | 50.7 ± 0.09d | 52.8 ± 0.04c***+++### |
| Education | ||||
| ≤Middle school | 433 (11.9) | 1,320 (14.9) | 1,173 (20.3) | 5,565 (22.6) |
| High school | 2,773 (76.2) | 8,661 (75.4) | 4,225 (73.0) | 17,646 (71.7) |
| ≥College | 432 (11.9) | 859 (9.72)‡‡‡ | 388 (6.71) | 1,394 (5.67)‡‡‡ |
| Income | ||||
| ≤$2,000 | 407 (6.92) | 1,199 (8.92) | 739 (10.4) | 3,433 (11.8) |
| $2.000–4,000 | 2,359 (40.1) | 5,848 (43.5) | 2,952 (41.7) | 13,033 (44.9) |
| >$4,000 | 3,112 (52.9) | 6,388 (47.6)‡‡‡ | 3,396 (47.9) | 12,574 (43.3)‡‡‡ |
| Exercise (%) | 3,359 (54.1) | 8,593 (61.3)‡‡‡ | 3,421 (44.8) | 16,603 (54.2)‡‡‡ |
| Former smoking | 2,424 (39.0) | 6,371 (45.5) | 112 (1.47) | 348 (1.14) |
| Smoking (%) | 2,011 (32.3) | 3,653 (26.1)‡‡‡ | 219 (2.87) | 530 (1.73)‡‡‡ |
| Stress (scores) | 14.4 ± 0.15c | 13.2 ± 0.10d | 16.1 ± 0.15a | 15.3 ± 0.07b***+++ |
| Self-rated health (scores) | 2.58 ± 0.02b | 2.53 ± 0.01c | 2.75 ± 0.02a | 2.73 ± 0.01a***++# |
The score of each component meeting the criteria was 1. If not, the score was 0. The Kdiet-index score was calculated by summing the scores of each component in the 14 questionnaires. High- and low-hansik intake indicated the Kdiet-index scores ≥8 or <8, respectively. A Higher Kdiet-index score indicated a higher hansik intake. Stress status was estimated with 18 questions about the physical and psychological at home and work, and each question was scored 0 (lowest stress) to 3 (highest stress). The scores of the stress status were estimated with a summation of the scores of 14 questions. The higher scores of the stress status indicated having higher stress.
Significant differences by genders at P < 0.001.
Significant differences by hansik intake at P < 0.01,
P < 0.001.
Significant interaction between genders and hansik intake at P < 0.05,
P < 0.001.
Significantly different from the low-hansik group in χ2 test in each gender at P < 0.001.
Different superscripts on the values indicated significant differences among the groups in Tukey's test at p < 0.05.