Table 3.
Food intake according to gender and hansik intake defined by the Kdiet-index score.
| Men (n = 20,293) | Women (n = 38,408) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low-hansik (n = 6,271) | High-hansik (n = 14,022) | Low-hansik (n = 7,728) | High-hansik (n = 30,680) | |
| Multigrain rice (g/day) | 424 ± 5.24c | 569 ± 3.50a | 396 ± 5.06d | 475 ± 2.36 b***+++### |
| White rice (g/day) | 230 ± 4.58a | 86.7 ± 2.94c | 148 ± 4.44b | 50.8 ± 2.05d***+++### |
| Noodles (g/day) | 85.6 ± 1.49a | 57.6 ± 0.96b | 59.9 ± 1.45b | 36.8 ± 0.66c***+++# |
| Bread (g/day) | 33.3 ± 0.79a | 29.1 ± 0.51b | 31.9 ± 0.77a | 25.3 ± 0.35c**+++# |
| Fruits (g/day) | 144 ± 4.36c | 229 ± 2.81b | 154 ± 4.24c | 262 ± 1.92a***+++## |
| Vegetables (g/day) | 217 ± 3.50c | 309 ± 2.25a | 193 ± 3.40d | 266 ± 1.54***+++## |
| Kimchi (g/day) | 119 ± 2.24c | 169 ± 1.45a | 96.9 ± 2.18d | 131 ± 0.99b***+++### |
| Seaweeds (g/day) | 1.32 ± 0.04d | 2.01 ± 0.03b | 1.49 ± 0.04c | 2.28 ± 0.19a***+++### |
| Fish (g/day) | 35.3 ± 0.80c | 45.0 ± 0.51a | 33.7 ± 0.77c | 39.5 ± 0.35b***+++## |
| Meats (g/day) | 55.5 ± 0.86a | 46.4 ± 0.55b | 44.1 ± 0.84b | 30.2 ± 0.38c***+++## |
| Beans (g/day) | 20.8 ± 0.48b | 28.1 ± 0.31a | 20.7 ± 0.47b | 27.5 ± 0.21a+++ |
| Fermented soybeans (g/day) | 2.97 ± 0.08c | 4.27 ± 0.05a | 2.84 ± 0.08c | 3.95 ± 0.04b**+++ |
| Nuts (g/day) | 1.07 ± 0.09d | 1.94 ± 0.06b | 1.42 ± 0.09c | 2.46 ± 0.04a***+++ |
| KBD (%) | 1,886 (30.1) | 6,515 (44.3)‡‡‡ | 1,562 (20.2) | 9,906 (32.3)‡‡‡ |
| PBD (%) | 736 (11.7) | 3,462 (24.7)‡‡‡ | 1,952 (25.3) | 13,426 (43.8)‡‡‡ |
| WSD (%) | 4,074 (65.0) | 6,357 (45.3)‡‡‡ | 3,891 (50.4) | 9,230 (30.1)‡‡‡ |
| RMD (%) | 2,885 (45.7) | 3,600 (25.7)‡‡‡ | 3,346 (43.3) | 9,760 (31.8)‡‡‡ |
| Alcohol (g/day) | 32.0 ± 1.22a | 30.3 ± 0.72a | 9.68 ± 1.23b | 8.99 ± 0.49b***+ |
The score of each component meeting the criteria was 1. If not, the score was 0. The Kdiet-index score was calculated by summing the scores of each component in the 14 questionnaires. High- and low-hansik intake indicated the Kdiet-index scores ≥8 or <8, respectively. A Higher Kdiet-index score indicated a higher hansik intake. KBD, Korean-balanced diet; PBD, plant-based diet; WSD, Western-style diet; RMD, rice-main diet.
Significant differences by genders at P < 0.01,
P < 0.001.
Significant differences by hansik intake at P < 0.001.
Significant interaction between genders and hansik intake at P < 0.05,
at P < 0.01,
P < 0.001.
Significantly different from the low-hansik group in χ2 test in each gender at P < 0.001.
Different superscripts on the values indicated significant differences among the groups in Tukey's test at p < 0.05.