. 2022 Nov 10;9:1051637. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1051637

Table 5.

The K_diet-index score of each component for hansik definition according to gender and metabolic syndrome (MetS).

	Men (n = 20,293)		Women (n = 38,408)
	Non-MetS (n = 16,695)	MetS (n =3 ,598)	Non-MetS (n = 33,706)	MetS (n = 4,702)
Meals containing multigrain rice	0.86 ± 0.004^b	0.81 ± 0.008^c	0.90 ± 0.003^a	0.88 ± 0.007^ab***+++##
Eating frequencies of grains	0.80 ± 0.005^b	0.81 ± 0.009^b	0.89 ± 0.003^a	0.89 ± 0.008^a***
Eating frequencies of kimchi	0.65 ± 0.006^a	0.63 ± 0.011^a	0.54 ± 0.004^b	0.56 ± 0.010^b***#
Eating frequencies of soup made with fermented soybeans	0.20 ± 0.005	0.21 ± 0.01	0.19 ± 0.004	0.19 ± 0.009
Eating frequencies of seaweeds	0.19 ± 0.006^b	0.20 ± 0.01^b	0.25 ± 0.004^a	0.25 ± 0.009^a***
Cooked vegetables with garlic, onions, and ginger	0.20 ± 0.006^b	0.22 ± 0.01^b	0.31 ± 0.004^a	0.31 ± 0.010^a***
Using frequencies of sesame or perilla oil	0.05 ± 0.003^a	0.07 ± 0.005^a	0.03 ± 0.002^b	0.04 ± 0.005^b***+
Eating frequencies of meats including beef, pork, and chicken	0.40 ± 0.006^b	0.39 ± 0.012^b	0.58 ± 0.004^a	0.61 ± 0.011^a***
Eating frequencies of fried foods	0.6222 ± 0.007^b	0.612 ± 0.012^b	0.650 ± 0.005^a	0.621 ± 0.011^b+
Eating frequencies of fish or clams	0.15 ± 0.005^b	0.15 ± 0.009^b	0.20 ± 0.003^a	0.20 ± 0.008^a***
Eating frequencies of soybean products	0.19 ± 0.006^b	0.19 ± 0.010^b	0.26 ± 0.004^a	0.25 ± 0.009^a***
Eating frequencies of fruits and fruit juicy	0.33 ± 0.007^c	0.31 ± 0.012^c	0.53 ± 0.005^a	0.49 ± 0.011^b***+++
Eating frequencies of processed foods	0.82 ± 0.005^c	0.82 ± 0.008^c	0.90 ± 0.003^a	0.86 ± 0.008^b***+##
Eating frequencies of nuts	0.16 ± 0.01^c	0.13 ± 0.01^d	0.29 ± 0.004^a	0.24 ± 0.01^b***+++
Total K_diet-index score	6.38 ± 0.03^c	6.34 ± 0.05^c	6.94 ± 0.02^a	6.78 ± 0.05^b***++

The score of each component meeting the criteria was 1. If not, the score was 0. The K_diet-index score was calculated by summing the scores of each component in the 14 questionnaires. High- and low-hansik intake indicated the K_diet-index scores ≥8 or <8, respectively. A Higher K_diet-index score indicated a higher hansik intake. Adjusted means and standard errors were calculated with adjusted for confounding factors such as age, energy intake, body mass index (BMI), residence area, education, income, alcohol intake, smoking status, and physical activity.

^***

Significant differences by genders at P < 0.001.

⁺

Significant differences by hansik intake at P < 0.05, at

⁺⁺

P < 0.01,

⁺⁺⁺

P < 0.001.

Significant interaction between genders and hansik intake at P < 0.05,

^##

at P < 0.01.

^{a, b, c, d}

Different superscripts on the values indicated significant differences among the groups in Tukey's test at p < 0.05.