Table 6.
Characteristics of metabolic parameters according to gender and hansik intake defined by the Kdiet-index score and their associations.
| Men (n = 20,293) | Women (n = 38,408) | Total | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low-hansik (n = 6,271) | High-hansik (n = 14,022) | Adjusted ORs and 95% CI | Low-hansik (n = 7,728) | High-hansik (n = 30,680) | Adjusted ORs and 95% CI | Adjusted ORs and 95% CI | |
| MetS (%)1 | 1,084 (17.3) | 2,514 (18.0) | 0.923 (0.843–1.010) | 888 (11.5) | 3,814 (12.4) | 0.876 (0.799–0.961) | 0.874 (0.820–0.932) |
| BMI (mg/kg2)2 | 24.6 ± 0.04a | 24.4 ± 0.03b | 0.926 (0.863–0.992) | 23.6 ± 0.04c | 23.6 ± 0.02c***+++## | 0.886 (0.830–0.946) | 0.888 (0.847–0.931) |
| Waist (cm)3 | 86.0 ± 0.11a | 85.4 ± 0.07b | 0.911 (0.842–0.985) | 78.0 ± 0.10c | 78.1 ± 0.05c***++### | 0.886 (0.830–0.946) | 0.909 (0.861–0.961) |
| SMI4 | 7.14 ± 0.01a | 7.18 ± 0.01a | 1.912 (1.731–2.113) | 6.11 ± 0.01b | 6.12 ± 0.01b*** | 1.673 (1.530–1.828) | 1.759 (1.646–1.879) |
| Fat mass (%)5 | 23.2 ± 0.07b | 23.0 ± 0.04c | 0.899 (0.809–0.999) | 30.7 ± 0.07a | 30.6 ± 0.03a***+++ | 0.866 (0.786–0.955) | 0.877 (0.816–0.942) |
| Serum glucose (mg/dL)6 | 98.6 ± 0.42a | 98.2 ± 0.27a | 1.036 (0.918–1.169) | 94.0 ± 0.41b | 93.6 ± 0.18b*** | 0.897 (0.769–1.047) | 0.968 (0.880–1.065) |
| HbA1c (%)7 | 5.72 ± 0.02 | 5.72 ± 0.01 | 1.397 (1.121–1.740) | 5.71 ± 0.02 | 5.71 ± 0.01 | 1.141 (0.885–1.472) | 1.214 (0.948–1.500) |
| Insulin resistance8 | 700 (11.2) | 1,612 (11.5) | 0.967 (0.831–1.125) | 419 (5.42) | 1,873 (6.10) | 0.866 (0.711–1.056) | 0.917 (0.813–1.034) |
| Serum total cholesterol9 | 195 ± 0.77b | 189 ± 0.52c | 0.964 (0.855–1.086) | 200 ± 0.74a | 201 ± 0.35a***+++### | 0.963 (0.865–1.071) | 0.937 (0.866–1.014) |
| Serum HDL10 | 49.3 ± 0.28b | 49.3 ± 0.19b | 0.933 (0.826–1.053) | 57.0 ± 0.27a | 57.3 ± 0.13a***++ | 1.103 (1.001–1.215) | 1.039 (0.963–1.120) |
| Serum LDL11 | 117 ± 0.71b | 113 ± 0.47c | 0.978 (0.850–1.125) | 121 ± 0.68a | 120 ± 0.32a***+++### | 0.943 (0.834–1.066) | 0.935 (0.854–1.025) |
| Serum TG12 | 141 ± 1.77a | 134 ± 1.18b | 0.990 (0.899–1.090) | 114 ± 1.71c | 115 ± 0.80c***+## | 0.970 (0.870–1.083) | 0.955 (0.889–1.026) |
| SBP (mmHg)13 | 127 ± 0.31a | 125 ± 0.20b | 0.905 (0.823–0.996) | 121 ± 0.30c | 121 ± 0.14c***+## | 1.031 (0.930–1.142) | 0.947 (0.883–1.015) |
| DBP (mmHg)14 | 79.2 ± 0.21a | 78.2 ± 0.14b | 0.859 (0.750–0.984) | 74.1 ± 0.20c | 74.2 ± 0.09c***++### | 0.864 (0.729–1.023) | 0.849 (0.765–0.944) |
| Serum hs–CRP15 | 0.16 ± 0.01a | 0.14 ± 0.01a | 0.832 (0.592–1.169) | 0.13 ± 0.01ab | 0.13 ± 0.004b* | 0.903 (0.585–1.393) | 0.848 (0.650–1.106) |
| GFR16 | 81.8 ± 0.33c | 84.0 ± 0.22b | 1.363 (1.204–1.543) | 84.1 ± 0.32b | 87.3 ± 0.45a***+++### | 1.784 (1.572–2.025) | 1.535 (1.405–1.678) |
| Serum AST (U/L)17 | 25.5 ± 0.25a | 24.9 ± 0.17b | 0.856 (0.698–1.050) | 23.1 ± 0.24c | 22.9 ± 0.11c***+ | 0.991 (0.763–1.289) | 0.897 (0.765–1.053) |
| Serum ALT(U/L)18 | 26.7 ± 0.37a | 25.7 ± 0.25a | 1.010 (0.891–1.144) | 19.7 ± 0.36b | 19.8 ± 0.17b***# | 0.956 (0.801–1.141) | 0.969 (0.875–1.072) |
The score of each component meeting the criteria was 1. If not, the score was 0. The Kdiet-index score was calculated by summing the scores of each component in the hansik definition. High- and low-hansik intake indicated the Kdiet-index scores ≥8 or <8, respectively. A Higher Kdiet-index score indicated a higher hansik intake. ORs, Odds ratio; CI, confidence intervals. Covariates for adjustment included age, energy intake, body mass index (BMI), residence area, education, income, alcohol intake, smoking status, and physical activity. The cutoff points of hansik intake for logistic regression were as following:
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) criteria;
<25 kg/m2 for body mass index (BMI);
< 90 cm for men and 85 cm for women waist circumferences;
<29.0 % for men and 22.8 % for women in skeletal muscle index (SMI; defined as appendicular skeletal muscle mass/height);
< 25% for men and 30% for women for fat mass;
<126 ml/dL fasting serum glucose plus diabetic drug intake;
<6.5% hbA1c plus diabetic drug intake;
<2.54 HOMA-IR;
<230 mg/dL serum total cholesterol concentrations;
<40 mg/dL for men and 50 mg/dL for women serum HDL cholesterol;
<160 mg/dL serum LDL cholesterol concentrations;
<150 mg/dL serum triglyceride concentrations;
<140 mmHg systolic blood pressure (SBP);
diastolic blood pressure (DBP) <90 mmHg plus hypertension medication;
<0.5 mg/dL serum high sensitive-C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) concentrations;
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60;
<40 U/L Aspartate aminotransferase;
<35 U/L Alanine aminotransferase.
Significant differences by genders at P < 0.05,
P < 0.001.
Significant differences by hansik intake at P < 0.05, at
P < 0.01,
P < 0.001.
Significant interaction between genders and hansik intake at P < 0.05, at
P < 0.01,
P < 0.001.
Different superscripts on the values indicated significant differences among the groups in Tukey's test at P < 0.05.