Table 3.

Inflammatory biomarkers between low and high category of processed meat, red meat and white meat (g/d) in 391 obese and overweight women.

Variables		Processed meat median		P -value	P -value†	Red meat median		P -value	P -value	White meat median		P -value	P -value†
		Low (<19.82)	High (>19.83)			Low (<36.46)	High (>36.47)			low (<31.02)	High (>31.03)
HOMA-IR	Crude	3.321 ± 1.411	3.172 ± 1.215	0.435		3.480 ± 1.400	3.201 ± 1.122	0.091		3.144 ± 1.215	3.530 ± 1.313	0.024
	Model 1	3.000 ± 00.315	2.921 ± 0.412		0.884	3.489 ± 0.261	2.626 ± 0.291		0.045	3.303 ± 0.284	2.865 ± 0.291		0.301
	Model 2	2.937 ± 0.334	3.026 ± 0.443		0.882	3.511 ± 0.340	2.274 ± 0.392		0.045	3.104 ± 0.341	2.927 ± 0.374		0.610
Leptin (mg/L)	Crude	26.301 ± 12.192	29.932 ± 11.170	0.164		27.436 ± 11.970	27.952 ± 11.922	0.846		27.894 ± 11.553	12.310 ± 1.832	0.882
	Model 1	25.923 ± 1.451	29.670 ± 1.865		0.124	27.184 ± 1.653	27.546 ± 1.616		0.884	27.640 ± 1.651	27.129 ± 1.581		0.821
	Model 2	26.532 ± 1.475	28.711 ± 1.920		0.391	27.763 ± 1.642	27.004 ± 1.606		0.754	29.156 ± 1.654	25.660 ± 1.572		0.024
PAI1 (mg/L)	Crude	17.081 ± 30.690	17.481 ± 30.695	0.950		12.845 ± 23.124	18.876 ± 34.841	0.201		13.580 ± 22.321	18.755 ± 36.312	0.270
	Model 1	7.920 ± 9.134	37.592 ± 12.041		0.07	15.574 ± 8.116	17.651 ± 8.970		0.860	13.722 ± 8.294	19.587 ± 8.723		0.631
	Model 2	6.282 ± 9.231	40.230 ± 12.313		0.052	23.16 ± 11.055	14.33 ± 12.840		0.641	12.665 ± 10.310	26.690 ± 11.012		0.380
Gal-3 (mg/L)	Crude	4.946 ± 1.320	5.594 ± 2.035	0.782		23.160 ± 11.051	14.332 ± 12.842	0.660		3.865 ± 5.867	4.665 ± 9.161	0.642
	Model 1	2.065 ± 1.532	6.961 ± 2.021		0.080	3.040 ± 1.396	3.874 ± 1.542		0.690	3.191 ± 1.421	3.66 ± 1.500		0.820
	Model 2	1.800 ± 1.532	7.381 ± 2.040		0.054	4.371 ± 1.832	3.396 ± 2.132		0.750	3.100 ± 1.721	4.885 ± 1.833		0.511
Hs-CRP (mg/ L)	Crude	4.622 ± 5.055	3.675 ± 3.771	0.220		4.540 ± 4.566	3.901 ± 4.575	0.284		4.211 ± 4.850	4.215 ± 4.270	0.991
	Model 1	2.531 ± 0.600	4.341 ± 0.791		0.091	5.574 ± 0.724	3.060 ± 0.801		0.031	4.435 ± 0.795	4.441 ± 0.834		0.990
	Model 2	2.550 ± 0.622	5.31 ± 0.831		0.050	5.046 ± 0.775	3.384 ± 0.902		0.220	4.152 ± 0.754	4.494 ± 0.811		0.773
IL1b (mg/L)	Crude	0.400 ± 0.532	0.301 ± 0.565	0.280		0.422 ± 0.492	0.321 ± 0.562	0.130		0.370 ± 0.535	0.375 ± 0.522	0.941
	Model 1	0.476 ± 0.091	0.176 ± 0.425		0.081	0.540 ± 0.080	0.172 ± 0.099		0.005	0.410 ± 0.094	0.333 ± 0.091		0.580
	Model 2	0.462 ± 0.91	0.18 ± 0.135		0.130	0.517 ± 0.107	0.16 ± 0.1271		0.071	0.394 ± 0.105	0.315 ± 0.119		0.645
MCP-1 (mg/L)	Crude	56.494 ± 96.055	56.340 ± 111.661	0.991		51.200 ± 104.101	50.901 ± 81.830	0.98		52.281 ± 95.400	49.815 ± 91.681	0.842
	Model 1	32.654 ± 22.971	108.901 ± 30.275		0.071	44.100 ± 21.360	63.850 ± 23.625		0.551	54.591 ± 22.003	51.324 ± 23.131		0.921
	Model 2	29.584 ± 22.921	113.874 ± 30.565		0.046	64.051 ± 27.554	58.971 ± 32.001		0.910	54.743 ± 25.940	69.732 ± 27.704		0.711

Gal-3, Galectin 3; Hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; IL-1b, interleukin 1 beta; MCP-1, chemoattractant protein-1; PA-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; TGF-β, transforming growth factor.

Values are mean ± SD for the crude model and mean ± SE for an adjusted model.

Model 1: Adjusted for: age, BMI, physical activity, total energy intake, economic status, education, housing ownership.

Model 2: Additionally controlled for vegetables and dairy for processed meat.

The crude p-value for all variables obtained from the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

^†Adjust p-value obtained from an analysis of covariance.

P < 0.05 consider as significant, P = 0.05–0.07 consider as marginally significant.

Bold values means significant p-value P < 0.05.