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. 2022 Nov 23;20:186. doi: 10.1186/s12964-022-00951-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Contribution of innate and adaptive immune cells in tumor microenvironment to tumor angiogenesis. Within the tumor microenvironment, soluble mediators (cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes) exert their role directly as proangiogenic factors expressed by M2-like tumor-associated macrophage (TAM), myeloid-derived-suppressor cell (MDSC), N2-like tumor-associated neutrophil (TAN), natural killer (NK) cells, mast cells, and dendritic cell (DC), cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF), Tie2-expressing monocytes (TEM), eosinophil, Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), and T cells (regulatory T cell, γδT17)