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. 2022 Nov 23;20:186. doi: 10.1186/s12964-022-00951-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Links between metabolism and the microenvironment. Cancer cells change the extracellular milieu's chemical composition, which has pleiotropic effects on the phenotypes of cells around the tumor and the extracellular matrix. The microenvironment influences the metabolic and signaling responses of cancer cells reciprocally. MMPs: matrix metalloproteinases, AhR: aryl -hydrocarbon receptor, HA, hyaluronic acid, MCT1: monocarboxylate transporter 1, Kyn, kynurenine, TDO2: tryptophan-2, 3-dioxygenase 2, IDO1: indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase 1, CAIX: carbonic anhydrase IX, Treg: regulatory T cells, ECM: extracellular matrix