Table 1.

Descriptive statistics of the number of authorships (authors and institutions) per article; comparison between decades and specialized journals (REF and Cadernos Pagu), n = 31,609

Unit of measurement	1970s	1980s	1990s	2000s	2010s	REF	Cad Pagu
Authors (individuals)
One author	44.9%	44.26%	51.14%	39.39%	33.66%	71.75%	73.41%
Average	2.27	2.77	2.66	2.72	2.83	1.48	1.59
Median	2	2	1	2	2	1	1
Mode	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Amplitude	6	23	45	104	75	14	12
Std. deviation	1.60	2.77	3.06	3.05	2.91	1.18	1.29
Institutions
One institution	91.84%	84.68%	84.66%	80.57%	77.35%	90.77%	90.66%
Average	1.10	1.26	1.25	1.27	1.34	1.15	1.11
Median	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Mode	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Amplitude	2	6	7	22	42	7	3
Std. deviation	0.37	0.79	0.72	0.78	1.03	0.61	0.35

Source: Research data