. 2022 Nov 21;9(4):227–239. doi: 10.1007/s40472-022-00387-w

Table 1.

Admissions, referrals, or visits

Publication	Setting	Period	Age*, yr. (% male)	Admissions/referrals/visits	Miscellaneous
Au, 2020 [20] Abstract	Adelaide, Australia Single center	Pre-COVID: Mar 20–May 30, 2019 COVID: Mar 20–May 30, 2020	Pre-COVID: 50 COVID: 47	AH admissions of EtOH-related admissions: 13/336	AH admissions of EtOH-related admissions: 17/372	• 11% increase in EtOH-related admissions • 11% increase in AH admissions during COVID
Bahar, 2021 [21] Abstract	CA, USA Single center	Pre-COVID: Jul 2007–Jan 2020 COVID: Feb 2020–Apr 2021	Pre-COVID: 47 (61) COVID: 47 (63)	AH admissions: 411	AH admissions: 83	• 1.34 additional monthly AH admission during COVID • AH admissions did not increase relatively to increasing overall admissions
Cargill, 2021 [44] Letter	London, UK Single center	Pre-COVID: Jun 2019 COVID: Jun 2020	Pre-COVID: 49 (64) COVID: 50 (60)	AH presentations of ArLD referrals: 11/28 (39%)	AH presentations of ArLD referrals: 26/67 (39%)	NR
Chung, 2021 [23] Abstract	MA, USA Single center	Pre-COVID: Mar 23–Jul 19, 2019 COVID: Mar 23–Jul 19, 2020	NR	NR	NR	• Consults for EtOH-related GI: 60% increase • Consults for AH: 127% increase during COVID
Damjanovska, 2022 [36•] Full-text article	USA Multi center (40 US health care systems)	Pre-COVID: 1999–Jun 20, 2020 COVID: Jun 21, 2020–Jun 20, 2021	Pre-COVID: NR (67) COVID: NR (64)	Prevalence AH per 100,000: 23,350	Prevalence AH per 100,000: 8320	• AH OR 2.77 • AH women OR 1.14 • AH African Americans OR 2.63
Dhanda, 2020 [47] Poster	UK Multi center (28 hospitals)	Pre-COVID: Aug 2019 COVID: Aug 2020	Pre-COVID: 55 (63) COVID: 55 (63)	ArLD admissions: 223	ArLD admissions: 263	18% increase in ArLD admissions during COVID
Grinspoon, 2021 [25] Abstract	MA, USA Multi center	Pre-COVID: Mar 10, 2016–Mar 9, 2020 COVID: Mar 10, 2020–Mar 9, 2021	NR	AH admissions/year: 27	AH admissions/year: 49	81% increase in AH admissions for patients 40 years or younger during COVID
Itoshima, 2021 [37] Full-text article	Japan Multi center (257 hospitals)	Pre-COVID: Jul 2018–Mar 2020 COVID: Apr–Jun 2020	NR	NR	NR	• RR 1.21 increase in ArLD admissions during COVID • 14% of ArLD had AH
Jain, 2021 [26] Abstract	OH, USA Single center	Pre-COVID: Mar 1–Aug 31, 2019 COVID: 2020 (during lockdown)	NR	86	162	NR
Moore, 2021 [27] Abstract	NE, USA Single center	Pre-COVID: 2016–2019 COVID: Q2–Q4 2020	Pre-COVID: 48 (59) COVID: 44 (62)	Total AH hospitalizations: 162 SAH hospitalizations: 127 (78%)	Total AH hospitalizations: 95 SAH hospitalizations: 78 (82%)	NR
Nair, 2021 [28] Abstract	HCA Healthcare, USA Multi center (185 US hospitals)	Pre-COVID: Feb 2019–Sept 2019 COVID: Feb 2020–Sept 2020	NR	AH + ALF-related admissions of all admissions: 6.5%	AH + ALF-related admissions of all admissions: 7.4%	7% increase in cases among women during COVID
Ngu, 2021 [29] Abstract	Monash Health, Australia	Pre-COVID: Jul 1–Oct 31, 2019 COVID: Jul 1–Oct 31, 2020	NR	AH admissions of ALD/pancreatitis admissions: 10/66 (15%)	AH admissions of ALD/pancreatitis admissions: 33/100 (33%)	100% increase in AH admissions during COVID
Perisetti, 2021 [45] Letter to editor	50 healthcare organizations worldwide Multi center	Pre-COVID: Jan 1–Dec 1, 2019 COVID: Jan 1–Dec 1, 2020	Pre-COVID: 50 (65) COVID: 50 (64)	AH hospitalizations: 18,818	AH hospitalizations: 4383	NR
Pradhan, 2021 [30] Abstract	AZ, USA Multi center	Pre-COVID: Mar 1–Dec 31, 2019 COVID: Mar 1-Dec 31, 2020	Pre-COVID: 42 (61) COVID: 40 (64)	AH admissions in non-cirrhotic adults: 225	AH admissions in non-cirrhotic adults: 296	32% increase in admissions during COVID
Rutledge, 2021 [38] Full-text article	New York City, USA Single center	Pre-COVID: Jan 1–Mar 21, 2020 COVID: Mar 22–Aug 25, 2020	Pre-COVID: 49 (50) Post-COVID: 47 (63)	AH admissions: 18	AH admissions: 49	NR
Schimmel, 2021 [39] Full-text article	New York City, USA Multi center (5 hospitals)	Pre-COVID: Mar 1–May 31, 2019 COVID: Mar 1–May 31, 2020	Pre-COVID: 46 (77) COVID: 47 (79)	AH visits of EtOH-related visits: 10/2790 (0.4%)	AH visits of EtOH-related visits: 7/1793 (0.4%)	NR
Shaheen, 2021 [40] Full-text article	Canada Multi center (3 databases)	Pre-COVID: Mar 2018–Feb 2020 COVID: Mar–Sept 2020	Pre-COVID: 46 (62) COVID: 44 (66)	AH admissions: 991 AH admissions per 10,000: 11.6	AH admissions: 417 AH admissions per 10,000: 22.1	• 9% monthly increase in AH hospitalization • Admitted patients for AH were younger, more likely from rural areas, lower HCV prevalence, lower comorbidity rates during COVID
Silva, 2021 [31] Abstract	Portugal Single center	Pre-COVID: Mar 15, 2019–Mar 14, 2020 COVID: Mar 15, 2020–Mar 15, 2021	Pre-COVID: 63 (70) COVID: 63 (69)	AH presentations in DLC presentation: 6% of 66	AH presentations in DLC presentation: 14% of 74	NR
Smart, 2021 [32] Abstract	Australia Single center	NR	NR	NR	NR	• 11% increase AH admissions • 48% increase in admission related to acute alcohol intoxication during COVID
Sohal, 2021 [41] Full-text article	CA, USA Multi center (3 community hospitals)	Pre-COVID: Jan 1–Dec 15, 2019 COVID: Jan 1–Dec 15, 2020	Pre-COVID: 48 (82) COVID: 47 (73)	AH admissions: 131	AH admissions: 198	• 51% increase in hospitalizations • 69% increase in hospitalizations after stay-at-home orders • 94% increase in rehospitalizations • 50% increase in patients under < 40 • 125% increase in women during COVID
Toy, 2021 [33] Abstract	UT, USA Single center	Pre-COVID: Q2 2019–Q1 2020 COVID: Q2 2020–Q1 2021	NR	AH diagnoses per 1000 visits: 5.8 AH visits per 1000 visits: 4.2	AH diagnoses per 1000 visits: 7.5 AH visits per 1000 visits: 5.4	NR
Wu, 2021 [34] Abstract	MN, USA Single center	Pre-COVID: Jan 1–Dec 31, 2019 COVID: Jan 1–Dec 31, 2020	Pre-COVID: 52 (62) COVID: 43 (52)	AH admissions: 34	AH admissions: 62	77% increase in annual AH admissions during COVID

Publication

Setting

Period

Age*, yr. (% male)

Admissions/referrals/visits

Miscellaneous

Pre-COVID

COVID

Au, 2020 [20]

Abstract

Adelaide, Australia

Single center

Pre-COVID: Mar 20–May 30, 2019

COVID: Mar 20–May 30, 2020

Pre-COVID: 50

COVID: 47

AH admissions of EtOH-related admissions: 13/336

AH admissions of EtOH-related admissions: 17/372

• 11% increase in EtOH-related admissions

• 11% increase in AH admissions during COVID

Bahar, 2021 [21]

Abstract

CA, USA

Single center

Pre-COVID: Jul 2007–Jan 2020

COVID: Feb 2020–Apr 2021

Pre-COVID: 47 (61)

COVID: 47 (63)

AH admissions: 411

AH admissions: 83

• 1.34 additional monthly AH admission during COVID

• AH admissions did not increase relatively to increasing overall admissions

Cargill, 2021 [44]

Letter

London, UK

Single center

Pre-COVID: Jun 2019

COVID: Jun 2020

Pre-COVID: 49 (64)

COVID: 50 (60)

AH presentations of ArLD referrals: 11/28 (39%)

AH presentations of ArLD referrals: 26/67 (39%)

Chung, 2021 [23]

Abstract

MA, USA

Single center

Pre-COVID: Mar 23–Jul 19, 2019

COVID: Mar 23–Jul 19, 2020

• Consults for EtOH-related GI: 60% increase

• Consults for AH: 127% increase during COVID

Damjanovska, 2022 [36•]

Full-text article

USA

Multi center (40 US health care systems)

Pre-COVID: 1999–Jun 20, 2020

COVID: Jun 21, 2020–Jun 20, 2021

Pre-COVID: NR (67)

COVID: NR (64)

Prevalence AH per 100,000: 23,350

Prevalence AH per 100,000: 8320

• AH OR 2.77

• AH women OR 1.14

• AH African Americans OR 2.63

Dhanda, 2020 [47]

Poster

Multi center

(28 hospitals)

Pre-COVID: Aug 2019

COVID: Aug 2020

Pre-COVID: 55 (63)

COVID: 55 (63)

ArLD admissions: 223

ArLD admissions: 263

18% increase in ArLD admissions during COVID

Grinspoon, 2021 [25]

Abstract

MA, USA

Multi center

Pre-COVID: Mar 10, 2016–Mar 9, 2020

COVID: Mar 10, 2020–Mar 9, 2021

AH admissions/year: 27

AH admissions/year: 49

81% increase in AH admissions for patients 40 years or younger during COVID

Itoshima, 2021 [37]

Full-text article

Japan

Multi center (257 hospitals)

Pre-COVID: Jul 2018–Mar 2020

COVID: Apr–Jun 2020

• RR 1.21 increase in ArLD admissions during COVID

• 14% of ArLD had AH

Jain, 2021 [26]

Abstract

OH, USA

Single center

Pre-COVID: Mar 1–Aug 31, 2019

COVID: 2020 (during lockdown)

162

Moore, 2021 [27]

Abstract

NE, USA

Single center

Pre-COVID: 2016–2019

COVID: Q2–Q4 2020

Pre-COVID: 48 (59)

COVID: 44 (62)

Total AH hospitalizations: 162

SAH hospitalizations: 127 (78%)

Total AH hospitalizations: 95

SAH hospitalizations: 78 (82%)

Nair, 2021 [28]

Abstract

HCA Healthcare, USA

Multi center (185 US hospitals)

Pre-COVID: Feb 2019–Sept 2019

COVID: Feb 2020–Sept 2020

AH + ALF-related admissions of all admissions: 6.5%

AH + ALF-related admissions of all admissions: 7.4%

7% increase in cases among women during COVID

Ngu, 2021 [29]

Abstract

Monash Health, Australia

Pre-COVID: Jul 1–Oct 31, 2019

COVID: Jul 1–Oct 31, 2020

AH admissions of ALD/pancreatitis admissions: 10/66 (15%)

AH admissions of ALD/pancreatitis admissions: 33/100 (33%)

100% increase in AH admissions during COVID

Perisetti, 2021 [45]

Letter to editor

50 healthcare organizations worldwide

Multi center

Pre-COVID: Jan 1–Dec 1, 2019

COVID: Jan 1–Dec 1, 2020

Pre-COVID: 50 (65)

COVID: 50 (64)

AH hospitalizations: 18,818

AH hospitalizations: 4383

Pradhan, 2021 [30]

Abstract

AZ, USA

Multi center

Pre-COVID: Mar 1–Dec 31, 2019

COVID: Mar 1-Dec 31, 2020

Pre-COVID: 42 (61)

COVID: 40 (64)

AH admissions in non-cirrhotic adults: 225

AH admissions in non-cirrhotic adults: 296

32% increase in admissions during COVID

Rutledge, 2021 [38]

Full-text article

New York City, USA

Single center

Pre-COVID: Jan 1–Mar 21, 2020

COVID: Mar 22–Aug 25, 2020

Pre-COVID: 49 (50)

Post-COVID: 47 (63)

AH admissions: 18

AH admissions: 49

Schimmel, 2021 [39]

Full-text article

New York City, USA

Multi center

(5 hospitals)

Pre-COVID: Mar 1–May 31, 2019

COVID: Mar 1–May 31, 2020

Pre-COVID: 46 (77)

COVID: 47 (79)

AH visits of EtOH-related visits: 10/2790 (0.4%)

AH visits of EtOH-related visits: 7/1793 (0.4%)

Shaheen, 2021 [40]

Full-text article

Canada

Multi center (3 databases)

Pre-COVID: Mar 2018–Feb 2020

COVID: Mar–Sept 2020

Pre-COVID: 46 (62)

COVID: 44 (66)

AH admissions: 991

AH admissions per 10,000: 11.6

AH admissions: 417

AH admissions per 10,000: 22.1

• 9% monthly increase in AH hospitalization

• Admitted patients for AH were younger, more likely from rural areas, lower HCV prevalence, lower comorbidity rates during COVID

Silva, 2021 [31]

Abstract

Portugal

Single center

Pre-COVID: Mar 15, 2019–Mar 14, 2020

COVID: Mar 15, 2020–Mar 15, 2021

Pre-COVID: 63 (70)

COVID: 63 (69)

AH presentations in DLC presentation: 6% of 66

AH presentations in DLC presentation: 14% of 74

Smart, 2021 [32]

Abstract

Australia

Single center

• 11% increase AH admissions

• 48% increase in admission related to acute alcohol intoxication during COVID

Sohal, 2021 [41]

Full-text article

CA, USA

Multi center (3 community hospitals)

Pre-COVID: Jan 1–Dec 15, 2019

COVID: Jan 1–Dec 15, 2020

Pre-COVID: 48 (82)

COVID: 47 (73)

AH admissions: 131

AH admissions: 198

• 51% increase in hospitalizations

• 69% increase in hospitalizations after stay-at-home orders

• 94% increase in rehospitalizations

• 50% increase in patients under < 40

• 125% increase in women during COVID

Toy, 2021 [33]

Abstract

UT, USA

Single center

Pre-COVID: Q2 2019–Q1 2020

COVID: Q2 2020–Q1 2021

AH diagnoses per 1000 visits: 5.8

AH visits per 1000 visits: 4.2

AH diagnoses per 1000 visits: 7.5

AH visits per 1000 visits: 5.4

Wu, 2021 [34]

Abstract

MN, USA

Single center

Pre-COVID: Jan 1–Dec 31, 2019

COVID: Jan 1–Dec 31, 2020

Pre-COVID: 52 (62)

COVID: 43 (52)

AH admissions: 34

AH admissions: 62

77% increase in annual AH admissions during COVID

*Reported as mean or median; yr., years; COVID, coronavirus disease; AH, alcohol-associated hepatitis; EtOH, ethanol alcohol; ArLD, alcohol-related liver disease; NR, not reported; GI, gastrointestinal; US, United States; OR, odds ratio; Q, quarter; SAH, severe alcohol-associated hepatitis; ALF, acute liver failure; ALD, alcoholic liver disease; HCV, hepatitis C virus