Table 3.
Prevalence of Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus Drug Resistance Among Individuals Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy With Unsuppressed Viral Load in El Salvador, 2018–2019a
| Drug Class | PHIV on ART for 12 ± 3 mo | PHIV on ART for 12 ± 3 mo Receiving First-Line NNRTI-Based Regimen | PHIV on ART for ≥48 mo | PHIV on ART for ≥48 mo Receiving First-Line NNRTI-Based Regimen | PHIV on ART for ≥48 mo Receiving Second-Line PI/r-Based Regimen | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| no./No. | % (95% CI) | no./No. | % (95% CI) | no./No. | % (95% CI) | no./No. | % (95% CI) | no./No. | % (95% CI) | |
| NRTI | ||||||||||
| Any | 9/15 | 61.2 (32.9–83.5) | 9/15 | 61.2 (32.9–83.5) | 50/61 | 83.5 (72.0–90.8) | 39/42 | 91.2 (77.5–96.9) | 11/19 | 65.7 (42.4–83.3) |
| ABC | 9/15 | 61.2 (32.9–83.5) | 9/15 | 61.2 (32.9–83.5) | 50/61 | 83.5 (72.0–90.8) | 39/42 | 91.2 (77.5–96.9) | 11/19 | 65.7 (42.4–83.3) |
| 3TC or FTC | 9/15 | 61.2 (32.9–83.5) | 9/15 | 61.2 (32.9–83.5) | 47/61 | 77.2 (65.1–86.1) | 39/42 | 91.2 (77.5–96.9) | 8/19 | 45.3 (24.0–68.5) |
| TDF | 8/15 | 49.1 (24.1–74.5) | 8/15 | 49.1 (24.1–74.5) | 28/61 | 42.4 (30.8–55.0) | 21/42 | 47.4 (33.4–62.0) | 7/19 | 31.0 (14.2–54.9) |
| ZDV | 0/15 | 0.0 (.0–20.4) | 0/15 | 0.0 (.0–20.4) | 26/61 | 45.9 (33.5–58.7) | 19/42 | 48.8 (34.3–63.6) | 7/19 | 39.1 (19.0–63.7) |
| NNRTI | ||||||||||
| EFV or NVP | 12/15 | 72.0 (39.1–91.2) | 12/15 | 72.0 (39.1–91.2) | 53/61 | 84.8 (71.5–92.5) | 41/42 | 95.0 (72.0–99.3) | 12/19 | 61.5 (36.9–81.3) |
| DOR | 9/15 | 62.8 (34.2–84.5) | 9/15 | 62.8 (34.2–84.5) | 39/61 | 63.4 (50.7–74.5) | 35/42 | 80.8 (64.2–90.8) | 4/19 | 23.7 (8.4–51.3) |
| EFV | 12/15 | 72.0 (39.1–91.2) | 12/15 | 72.0 (39.1–91.2) | 52/61 | 83.8 (70.7–91.8) | 41/42 | 95.0 (72.0–99.3) | 11/19 | 58.4 (34.6–78.9) |
| ETR | 6/15 | 48.1 (23.3–73.9) | 6/15 | 48.1 (23.3–73.9) | 18/61 | 29.3 (19.6–41.4) | 16/42 | 37.7 (24.7–52.8) | 2/19 | 10.2 (3.0–30.0) |
| NVP | 12/15 | 72.0 (39.1–91.2) | 12/15 | 72.0 (39.1–91.2) | 53/61 | 84.8 (71.5–92.5) | 41/42 | 95.0 (72.0–99.3) | 12/19 | 61.5 (36.9–81.3) |
| RPV | 7/15 | 53.3 (27.3–77.6) | 7/15 | 53.3 (27.3–77.6) | 28/61 | 43.5 (32.2–55.6) | 22/42 | 52.9 (38.1–67.2) | 6/19 | 22.2 (11.1–39.4) |
| PI/r | ||||||||||
| ATV/r, DRV/r, or LPV/r | 0/15 | 0.0 (.0–20.4) | 0/15 | 0.0 (.0–20.4) | 5/61 | 9.8 (3.7–23.3) | 1/42 | 1.3 (.4–4.9) | 4/19 | 29.0 (11.0–57.4) |
| ATV/r | 0/15 | 0.0 (.0–20.4) | 0/15 | 0.0 (.0–20.4) | 5/61 | 9.8 (3.7–23.3) | 1/42 | 1.3 (.4–4.9) | 4/19 | 29.0 (11.0–57.4) |
| DRV/r | 0/15 | 0.0 (.0–20.4) | 0/15 | 0.0 (.0–20.4) | 3/61 | 2.8 (1.3–5.9) | 1/42 | 1.3 (.4–4.9) | 2/19 | 6.1 (2.2–15.5) |
| LPV/r | 0/15 | 0.0 (.0–20.4) | 0/15 | 0.0 (.0–20.4) | 5/61 | 9.8 (3.7–23.3) | 1/42 | 1.3 (.4–4.9) | 4/19 | 29.0 (11.0–57.4) |
| INSTI | ||||||||||
| Any | 0/17 | 0.0 (.0–18.4) | 0/17 | 0.0 (.0–18.4) | 1/61 | 5.1 (1.3–18.7) | 1/44 | 2.1 (.8–5.6) | 1/16 | 14.9 (2.2–57.1) |
| BIC | 0/17 | 0.0 (.0–18.4) | 0/17 | 0.0 (.0–18.4) | 1/61 | 3.6 (.5–21.4) | 0/44 | 0.0 (.0–8.0) | 1/16 | 14.9 (2.2–57.1) |
| CAB | 0/17 | 0.0 (.0–18.4) | 0/17 | 0.0 (.0–18.4) | 1/61 | 3.6 (.5–21.4) | 0/44 | 0.0 (.0–8.0) | 1/16 | 14.9 (2.2–57.1) |
| DTG | 0/17 | 0.0 (.0–18.4) | 0/17 | 0.0 (.0–18.4) | 2/61 | 3.6 (.5–21.4) | 0/44 | 0.0 (.0–8.0) | 1/16 | 14.9 (2.2–57.1) |
| EVG | 0/17 | 0.0 (.0–18.4) | 0/17 | 0.0 (.0–18.4) | 2/61 | 5.1 (1.3–18.7) | 1/44 | 2.1 (.8–5.6) | 1/16 | 14.9 (2.2–57.1) |
| RAL | 0/17 | 0.0 (.0–18.4) | 0/17 | 0.0 (.0–18.4) | 2/61 | 5.1 (1.3–18.7) | 1/44 | 2.1 (.8–5.6) | 1/16 | 14.9 (2.2–57.1) |
Abbreviations: 3TC, lamivudine; ABC, abacavir; ART, antiretroviral therapy; ATV/r, atazanavir/ritonavir; BIC, bictegravir; CAB, cabotegravir; CI, confidence interval; DOR, doravirine; DRV/r, darunavir/ritonavir; DTG, dolutegravir; EFV, efavirenz; ETR, etravirine; EVG, elvitegravir; FTC, emtricitabine; INSTI, integrase strand transfer inhibitor; LPV/r, lopinavir/ritonavir; NNRTI, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NVP, nevirapine; PI/r, boosted protease inhibitor; PHIV, people with human immunodeficiency virus; RAL, raltegravir; RPV, rilpivirine; TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; ZDV, zidovudine.
Study design–weighted proportions and 95% CIs. HIV drug resistance was defined as the presence of a penalty score ≥15 using the Stanford HIVdb algorithm.