Table 2.
Study Summary
| Author, Year, Location | Summary Findings |
|---|---|
| 1. González de Aledo, 2022, Spain | Following 2-dose vaccination with mRNA vaccines, all 100 PWH achieved detectable antispike IgG Ab, and only 3 had antibody levels <520 BAU/mL (1 of these had baseline CD4 count <200 cells/mm3). |
| 2. Antinori, 2022, Italy | Humoral and cell-mediated immune response against SARS-CoV-2 following 2 doses of mRNA vaccines was comparable between PWH with baseline CD4 counts >500 cells/mm3 and HIV-negative controls. Immune response was significantly poorer in PWH with baseline CD4 counts <200 cells/mm3 (P < .001). |
| 3. Brumme, 2022, Canada | After 2 doses of ChAdOx1 and/or mRNA vaccine, HIV status was not significantly associated with magnitude of anti-RBD response, and no significant correlation was observed between vaccine immunogenicity and the most recent or nadir CD4 cell counts. |
| 4. Feng, 2021, China | Similar immunologic response was found after 2-dose vaccination with Sinopharm BBIBP-CorV between PWH with high CD4/CD8 ratio and HIV-negative controls; PWH with low baseline CD4/CD8 ratios generated lower antibody responses compared with those with medium and high CD4/CD8 ratios (P < .01). |
| 5. Frater, 2021, UKa | No difference in magnitude or persistence of immunogenic response between PWH and HIV-negative controls after 2 doses of ChAdOx1. No correlation was found between the magnitude of the antispike IgG response and CD4 cell count. |
| 6. Ogbe, 2021, UKa | No difference in immunologic response between PWH and matched HIV-negative controls following 2 doses of ChAdOx1. SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific responses maintained for 6 mo in PWH were equivalent to HIV negative controls. |
| 7. Haidar, 2022, USA | Following 2 doses of mRNA vaccine, no difference in seropositivity was found between controls and PWH with CD4 counts >200 cells/mm3, but CD4 count <200 cells/mm3 was associated with lower odds for seropositivity (P < .001). |
| 8. Hassold, 2022, France | After 2 doses of mRNA vaccine or ChAdOx1, PWH with CD4 >500 cells/mm3 had a higher antibody response (P = .003) than those with lower CD4 cell counts, especially those with CD4 counts <200 cells/mm3 (P = .0017). 100% of patients with baseline CD4 counts >500 cells/mm3 were seropositive, compared with 95% and 78% of those with CD4 counts between 200 and 499 cells/mm3 or <200 cells/mm3, respectively. |
| 9. Huang, 2022, China | Immunogenicity of inactivated vaccines (Sinovac CoronaVac & Sinopharm BBIBP-CorV) was significantly lower in PWH than HIV-negative controls (P = .007), regardless of CD4 cell count or HIV viral load. |
| 10. Jedicke, 2021, Germany | Most PWH demonstrated robust immune response after complete BNT162b2 vaccination, but with significantly lower anti-S IgG response compared with HIV-negative controls (P < .0001). |
| 11. Khan, 2021, South Africa | Ad26.CoV2.S vaccination of PWH with well-controlled HIV led to noninferior immune response to SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant. |
| 12. Levy, 2021, Israelb | 97% of PWH developed immune response following second dose of BNT162b2; PWH had lower anti-RBD IgG levels than controls (P = .008). |
| 13. Rahav, 2021, Israelb | HIV patients showed a similar immunologic response to HIV-negative controls after 2 doses of BNT162b2. |
| 14. Liu, 2021, China | Two doses of Sinovac CoronaVac produced immunologic response in PWH, with significantly decreased anti-RBD-IgG titers in individuals with baseline CD4 <350 cells/mm3 (P = .023). |
| 15. Lombardi, 2022, Italy | PWH with well-controlled ART, stable viral suppression, and robust CD4+ T-cell count produced detectable humoral immune responses, similar to individuals without HIV infection, following 2 doses of mRNA-1273. |
| 16. Lv, 2021, China | Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines (Sinovac CoronaVac, Sinopharm BBIBP-CorV) had similar neutralizing antibody positivity among PWH and HIV-negative controls. However, the magnitude of immunogenicity was smaller in PWH than HIV-negative controls (P < .05). |
| 17. Madhi, 2021, South Africa | Patients immunized with 2 doses of ChAdOx1 showed a strong immunologic response, regardless of HIV status. |
| 18. Milano, 2022, Italy | 98.6% of PWH vaccinated with 2 doses of BNT162b2 mounted a detectable immune response; no significant correlation was observed between patient characteristics and immunologic response. |
| 19. Nault, 2022, Canadac | After the first dose of mRNA-based vaccine, anti-RBD IgG response was similar in PWH with CD4 counts >250 cells/mm3 and HIV-negative controls; PWH with low CD4 counts had a weaker immunologic response (P < .0001). |
| 20. Noe, 2021, Germany | PWH mounted a robust immune response after complete vaccination with BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1, or Ad26.COV2.S vaccines. Higher anti-RBD IgG concentrations were observed in patients receiving mRNA-based vaccines and those with baseline CD4 >200 cells/mm3 (P < .001). Patients with CD4 <200 cells/mm3, in particular, mounted a significantly poorer immunologic response (P < .001). |
| 21. Portillo, 2022, Switzerland | All PWH elicited antibodies after 2 doses of mRNA vaccines, but antibody response was significantly lower (P < .001) compared with an unmatched group of HIV-negative controls, despite an overall high CD4 T-cell count. |
| 22. Ruddy (1), 2021, USAc | All participants developed anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibodies after the first dose of mRNA vaccine. |
| 23. Ruddy (2), 2021, USA | All participants developed increased concentrations of anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibodies following the second dose of mRNA vaccine. |
| 24. Speich, 2022, Switzerland | PWH developed a strong antibody response following 2 doses of mRNA vaccine, with no difference found between BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273. |
| 25. Spinelli, 2021, USA | Following 2 doses of mRNA vaccine, PWH demonstrated lower IgG response than HIV-negative controls (P = .01), which was most pronounced among those with lower baseline CD4 counts (P = .003); all 7 PWH with CD4 baselines <200 cells/mm3 failed to mount a pseudovirus neutralizing titer or IgG response. PWH vaccinated with mRNA-1273 had higher IgG titers than those vaccinated with BNT162b2 (P = .02). |
| 26. Tuan, 2021, USA | PWH with baseline CD4 <500 cells/mm3 were potentially less likely to seroconvert after a single dose of BNT162b2 (P = .07), but there was no CD4-related difference in immunologic response after 2 doses. 97.5% of PWH had a positive IgG response following the second dose. |
| 27. Woldemeskel, 2021, USA | Following 2 doses of BNT162b2 vaccine, PWH mounted an immunologic response similar to HIV-negative controls. |
| 28. Xu, 2022, Sweden | Despite high seroconversion rates in PWH following 2 doses of BNT162b2, PWH developed significantly lower levels of antispike IgG than HIV-negative controls 2 wk after the second dose (P = .0012), regardless of CD4 cell count. Patients with baseline HIV viral loads >50 copies/mL had particularly low levels of antispike IgG (P = .048). |
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; IgG, immunoglobulin G; PWH, people with HIV; RBD, receptor binding domain; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
a
Ogbe was a follow-up study of the patients included in the Frater study.
b
Levy and Rahav recruited from the group of individuals, but the extent of overlap could not be determined.
c
Nault and Ruddy (1) reported results after the first dose of a 2-dose mRNA-based vaccine regimen.