Tumor Lysis Syndrome in Patients With Solid Tumors: A Systematic Review of Reported Cases

Riyadh M Alqurashi; Husam H Tamim; Ziyad D Alsubhi; Alyazid A Alzahrani; Emad Tashkandi

doi:10.7759/cureus.30652

. 2022 Oct 25;14(10):e30652. doi: 10.7759/cureus.30652

Tumor Lysis Syndrome in Patients With Solid Tumors: A Systematic Review of Reported Cases

Riyadh M Alqurashi ^1,^✉, Husam H Tamim ¹, Ziyad D Alsubhi ¹, Alyazid A Alzahrani ¹, Emad Tashkandi ^2,¹

Editors: Alexander Muacevic, John R Adler

PMCID: PMC9685209 PMID: 36439565

Abstract

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) in patients with solid tumors is a rare and potentially fatal condition associated with anti-cancer treatment. Its outcome depends on awareness, identification of high-risk patients, and implementation of appropriate preventive measures. A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines of case reports describing the occurrence of TLS in patients with solid tumors, primarily to identify potentially unrecognized or unusual clinical findings and outcomes. We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases and conference abstracts and performed manual searches for case reports and case series published in English and describing patients who developed TLS.

A total of 124 studies (118 case reports and six case series) describing the findings for 132 patients were included. The most common cancers were hepatocellular carcinoma (17%, n = 22), lung cancer (13%, n = 17), and melanoma (10%, n = 13). The most common risk factor was metastatic disease (75%, n = 100). TLS was induced by chemotherapy in 48% (n = 64) of the patients. Clinical manifestations of TLS developed within three days of anti-cancer treatment in 37% of the patients (n = 49), while 52% (n = 68) received the full dose of anti-cancer treatment. Gastrointestinal symptoms occurred in 33% of the patients (n = 44), hyperuricemia in 95% (n = 125), and elevated creatinine level occurred in 85% of the patients (n = 112), While 58% (n = 77) of the patients received intravenous fluids, only 49% received allopurinol, and 24% (n = 32) received rasburicase. A total of 101 patients (77%) were treated in the ward, and 54% (n = 71) died. The mortality rate associated with TLS in patients with solid tumors remains high. Adequate management requires awareness, early recognition, and identification of patients at high risk. Interdisciplinary team management is essential to reduce mortality.

Keywords: allopurinol, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, tumor lysis syndrome, solid tumors, systematic review

Introduction and background

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is an oncological emergency that occurs secondary to the breakdown of intracellular components such as potassium, phosphorus, and nucleic acids [1]. The release of these products into the bloodstream leads to hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperuricemia, and hypocalcemia, inducing severe complications such as acute renal failure, cardiac arrhythmia, heart failure, seizure, and ultimately death if the patient is not managed appropriately [2,3]. Although the rapid destruction of malignant cells occurs after exposure to anti-cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, monoclonal antibody treatment, radiofrequency ablation (RFA), corticosteroid treatment, hormonal therapy, and surgery, it can also occur in the absence of anti-cancer treatments, especially if the tumor is bulky or rapidly proliferating. These cases are categorized as spontaneous TLS [4-6].

TLS is commonly observed in hematological malignancies such as Burkitt or non-Burkitt lymphoma and acute leukemia. However, since solid tumors have a relatively prolonged doubling time and slower growth rate, and the effect of therapy takes longer time than hematological malignancies, TLS is rarely observed in solid tumors. However, some cases of TLS have been reported in patients with small-cell lung cancer, breast cancer, medulloblastoma, melanoma, and sarcoma. [7-13] The risk factors for TLS could be due to patient-related factors such as dehydration, chronic renal failure, elevated pretreatment lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or uric acid levels, and azotemia or tumor-related factors such as bulkiness, rapid growth, or a tendency to spread to other organs, specifically the bone marrow [14]. TLS is an oncological emergency that needs to be recognized urgently, and if treated early, complications can be prevented, thereby improving the outcomes [15]. The Cairo-Bishop laboratory and clinical criteria are used to diagnose TLS (Table 1) [16]. The presence of two or more laboratory abnormalities starting either three days before or seven days after treatment of the tumor can be used to define laboratory TLS. However, clinical TLS is characterized by the appearance of two laboratory abnormalities and one or more clinical symptoms [17,18].

Table 1. Cairo-Bishop criteria for tumor lysis syndrome.

Laboratory criteria	(≥2 of the following): Uric acid ≥ 476 μmol/mL (8 mg/dL) or 25% increase from baseline; Phosphorus ≥ 1.45 mmol/L (4.5 mg/dL) or 25% increase from baseline; Potassium ≥ 6.0 mmol/L (6 mEq/L) or 25% increase from baseline; Calcium ≤ 1·75 mmol/L or 25% decrease from baseline
Clinical criteria	Any of following with laboratory criteria: Creatinine ≥ 1.5 upper limit of normal. Cardiac arrhythmia or sudden death. Seizures.

Open in a new tab

TLS is a potentially fatal condition in patients with solid tumors and is associated with worse outcomes if it occurs spontaneously [16], It has a poor prognosis, especially if it is not diagnosed early; therefore, awareness, recognition, prevention, and early intervention are warranted to prevent the fatal consequences of TLS.

In this paper, we present a systematic review of the reported cases of TLS in patients with solid tumors that developed spontaneously or as adverse effects of anti-cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and hormonal therapy. By describing the occurrence of TLS in patients with solid tumors, we primarily aim to identify potentially unrecognized or unusual clinical findings and outcomes. Also, determine the most common clinical manifestations, time to TLS, number of doses administered before TLS, treatment dosage used, presenting symptoms, and laboratory abnormalities. We also reported the management and clinical outcomes to identify patterns that could facilitate early diagnosis and management of this potentially fatal condition.

Review

Materials and methods

Search Method

Digital databases were used including PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane from 1983 to July 1, 2020, for case reports and case series of TLS in patients with solid tumors. In addition, abstracts and presentations from relevant conference proceedings, including the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) have been used.

Study Selection and Eligibility criteria

Two independent reviewers (ZA and HT) initially screened the abstracts and titles. Then, two other reviewers (AA and RA) assessed the full texts of the retrieved articles and resolved disagreements in conjunction with a third reviewer (HT). The eligibility criteria were as follows: case reports published in English, describing adults with solid tumors, and reporting spontaneous TLS or TLS that developed after anti-cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy, or radiotherapy. We excluded studies involving hematological tumors, pediatric patients, and non-case reports/series. Keywords for the literature search included published case reports, case series, TLS, solid tumors, and anti-cancer treatment. The search strategy is provided in Appendix 1.

Data Extraction

This study was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement [19]. A protocol was created in advance, and data extraction for reported cases of spontaneous TLS or TLS that developed as an adverse effect of anti-cancer treatment was performed independently by two reviewers (ZA and AA), with disagreements resolved by a third reviewer (RA).

We extracted data on patient characteristics (first author, year of publication, age, sex, type of cancer), risk factors (metastasis, elevated pre-treatment LDH level, bulky tumor, and pre-existing renal compromise), and comorbidities. The anti-cancer treatments administered in the cases included chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, hormonal therapy, and radiotherapy. The most common clinical parameters were time to TLS (1-2 days, ≥3 days, spontaneous), number of doses administered before TLS (1 dose, 2-3 doses, >3 doses, spontaneous), dosage of treatment used (full or reduced dose), presenting symptoms, and laboratory abnormalities (uric acid, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, creatinine, urea, and LDH levels). Lastly, we collected information regarding management and clinical outcomes, use of anti-TLS measures, location of treatment received (ward or ICU), and outcome (dead or alive).

Quality Assessment

We assessed the quality of each study by using the criteria recommended by the International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology (ISPE) and the International Society of Pharmacovigilance [20]. Two independent reviewers (HT and RA) assessed the quality of the included studies across the following domains: (i) relevance of the title for TLS, (ii) adequate description of clinical characteristics (demographics, medical history, physical examination, and outcomes (alive or dead)), (iii) adequate description of anti-cancer drugs (identification of the drug class, dosage, drug reaction, and concomitant therapy) and time to develop adverse events; (iv) adequate description of the adverse event (TLS); and (v) discussion section supporting the relationship between the anti-cancer drug and the reported adverse events (TLS). Each aspect was classified as yes, partial, or no. Any disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer. The results of the assessment are presented in Appendix 2.

Data Synthesis and Analysis

All data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0 (Released 2017; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). Descriptive statistics (mean, percentage, and standard deviation) were used to report continuous variables, and frequencies and percentages were used to present categorical variables.

Results

Study Characteristics

In total, 238 citations were retrieved. After the removal of duplicates, we identified 172 relevant citations and reviewed the full publications. We excluded 17 studies since they were not case reports. We included 124 studies reporting on 132 patients as provided in Figure 1. The characteristics of the included studies are given in Appendix 3.

PRISMA: preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis; TLS: tumor lysis syndrome

Quality Appraisal

The quality of the included studies was moderate to high since all included studies had relevant titles, adequate descriptions of patients’ demographic data (96.7%), current health status (95.1%), medical history (87.9%), physical examination findings (97.5%), and disposition (98%). The anti-cancer drugs were identified for all reported cases of drug-induced TLS, but the drug dosage was not provided in approximately one-quarter of the cases. The duration of drug administration, route, and first dose were reported (70.9%). Furthermore, concomitant therapy had no potential influence (94.3%). A description of the adverse event and severity was reported (92.7%), and an appropriate discussion supporting a causal link between the drug and the adverse events was provided (92.7%).

Patient Characteristics

The median age was 58 years (Interquartile range (IQR) 19-94 years) and the proportion of males was 62% (n = 83). The most common tumors were hepatocellular carcinomas (17%, n = 22), lung cancer (13%, n = 17), melanoma (10%, n = 13), breast cancer (10%, n = 13), prostate cancer (8%, n = 10), and colon cancer (8%, n = 11). The risk factors were metastatic disease in 75% of the patients (n = 100), elevated pre-treatment LDH level in 26% (n = 35), and bulky tumors in 25% (n = 33). The main comorbidities were hypertension, hepatitis B, and diabetes mellitus in 11%, 8%, and 6% of patients, respectively (Table 2).

Table 2. Characteristics of patients in the reported cases.

HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; HTN: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease

^A Other tumors included choriocarcinoma, osteosarcoma, oligodendroglioma, neuroendocrine tumors, Merkel cell carcinoma, vulvar tumor, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, pheochromocytoma, thymoma, and retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma.

^B Other comorbidities included congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, and arthritis

Patient characteristics	N (%)
Median age	58, (range 19-94) years
Sex
Male	83 (62%)
Female	49 (37%)
Cancers
HCC	22 (17%)
Lung cancer	17 (13%)
Melanoma	13 (10%)
Breast cancer	13 (10%)
Colon cancer	11 (8%)
Prostatic cancer	10 (8%)
Renal cell carcinoma	6 (5%)
Gastric cancer	6 (5%)
Ovarian cancer	5 (4%)
Uterine cancer	5 (4%)
Germ cell tumors	3 (2%)
Other^a	21 (16%)
Risk factors
Metastasis	100 (75%)
Elevated pre-treatment LDH	35 (26%)
Bulky tumor	33 (25%)
Large tumor burden	14 (11%)
Pre-existing renal compromise	2 (2%)
NA	21 (16%)
Main Comorbidities
HTN	14 (11%)
Hepatitis B	10 (8%)
DM	8 (6%)
Dyslipidemia	4 (3%)
COPD	3 (2%)
CKD	3 (2%)
Coronary artery disease	3 (2%)
Other^b	6 (5%)
NA	94 (71%)

Open in a new tab

Anti-Cancer Treatment Characteristics

The most common anticancer treatments that induced TLS were chemotherapy (48%; n = 64), targeted therapy (8%; n = 11), and radiotherapy (7%; n = 9). Details of the classes and names are displayed in Table 3.

Table 3. Characteristics of the anti-cancer treatments .

Her2: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; eGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; CTLA4: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; ER: estrogen receptor; PR: progesterone receptor.

Due to the use of combination therapies such as chemo-targeted, immune-targeted, and chemo-radiation, some variables may not add up to 100%.

^A Others included corticosteroid, eribulin, immunomodulatory therapy (thalidomide), bone-modifying agent (zoledronic acid), and surgery.

Anti-cancer therapy	N (%)
Chemotherapy o Alkylating agents (cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, carboplatin, dacarbazine, oxaliplatin, ifosfamide) o Plant alkaloids (paclitaxel, vincristine, docetaxel, vinblastine, hydroxcamptothecin) o Antimetabolites (fluorouracil, gemcitabine, capecitabine, methotrexate) o Anthracyclines (doxorubicin, epirubicin, adriamycin, mitoxantrone) o Topoisomerase inhibitors (etoposide, irinotecan) o Antibiotics (bleomycin, actinomycin, mitomycin)	64 (48%)
Targeted therapy o Kinase inhibitor (pazopanib, sorafenib, sunitinib, imatinib) o Anti-Her2 (trastuzumab, pertuzumab) o Anti-EGFR (cetuximab) o Anti-VEGF (bevacizumab)	11 (8%)
o Radiotherapy o Radiofrequency ablation	9 (7%)
Immunotherapy o Interleukin-2 o Anti CTLA4 (Ipilimumab) o Autologous lymphocyte therapy	4 (3%)
Hormonal therapy o Anti ER/PR receptors (letrozole) o Anti-androgens (bicalutamide) o Antiestrogen (tamoxifen) o Combined androgen blockade (goserelin acetate)	3 (2%)
Others^A	7 (5%)

Open in a new tab

Clinical Manifestations of TLS in Patients with Solid Tumors

TLS occurred spontaneously in 24% (n = 32) of the cases and was treatment-induced in the remaining 76% (n = 100). The number of doses before TLS development was variable, with 17% of the cases showing TLS occurrence after the first dose (n = 23). Time to TLS development was within 3 days of anti-cancer treatment in 37% (n = 49) of the cases, while 52% (n = 68) of the patients received a full dose of anti-cancer treatment. The most commonly reported symptoms were gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and central nervous system symptoms in 33%, 33%, and 26%, respectively. The most reported laboratory abnormalities were hyperuricemia in 95% of the cases (n = 125), followed by elevated creatinine levels in 85% (n = 112) and hyperphosphatemia in 83% (n = 110) of the cases (Table 4).

Table 4. Clinical manifestations of TLS in patients with solid tumors.

TLS: tumor lysis syndrome; GI: gastrointestinal; CNS: central nervous system; GU: genitourinary; NA: not available

TLS manifestation	N (%)
Spontaneous	32 (24%)
Treatment-induced	100 (76%)
Number of doses before TLS
1	23 (17%)
2-3 or more	5 (4%)
NA	72 (55%)
Time to TLS development
Spontaneous	32 (24%)
1-2 days	37 (28%)
≥3 days	49 (37%)
NA	13 (10%)
Dose of anti-cancer treatment
Spontaneous	32 (24%)
Full-dose	68 (52%)
Dose reduction	3 (2%)
NA	29 (22%)
Presenting symptoms
GI symptoms	44 (33%)
GU symptoms	44 (33%)
CNS symptoms	34 (26%)
Respiratory symptoms	25 (19%)
Constitutional symptoms	15 (11%)
Others	13 (10%)
Cardiovascular Symptoms	11 (8%)
NA	20 (15%)
Presenting laboratory findings
Elevated uric acid	125 (95%)
Elevated creatinine	112 (85%)
Elevated phosphate	110 (83%)
Elevated LDH	95 (72%)
Elevated potassium	95 (72%)
Low calcium	79 (60%)
Elevated urea	68 (52%)

Open in a new tab

Management and Clinical Outcomes

Treatment of TLS was mainly based on hydration (58%; n = 77), allopurinol administration (49%; n = 65), and dialysis (30%; n = 40). However, rasburicase use was reported in 24% of patients (n = 32). The majority (77%, n = 101) of the patients were treated in the ward, while 16% (n = 21) were treated in the ICU. More than half (54%, n = 71) of the patients who developed TLS died, and 45% (n = 59) survived (Table 5).

Table 5. Management and clinical outcomes in reported cases .

IVF: intravenous fluid; NA: not available; ICU: intensive care unit; ED: emergency department

Management	N (%)
IVF	77 (58%)
Allopurinol	65 (49%)
Dialysis	40 (30%)
Diuretics	34 (26%)
Rasburicase	32 (24%)
Mechanical ventilation	10 (8%)
Urate oxidase	2 (2%)
NA	16 (12%)
Location
Ward	101 (77%)
ICU	21 (16%)
ED	10 (8%)
Outcomes
Dead	71 (54%)
Alive	59 (45%)
NA	2 (2%)

Open in a new tab

Discussion

Our results showed that males aged 58 years are at higher risk for TLS, which is similar to the findings reported by Mirrakhimov et al. [21]. However, we also observed that hepatocellular carcinoma and lung cancer were the most common cancers, in contrast to the findings reported by Mirrakhimov et al. [21]. This is because our review is more up-to-date and the incidence of TLS in solid tumors is increasing due to advancements in novel anti-cancer treatments [22]. Our review demonstrated that metastatic cancer was a major risk factor for TLS, which is similar to the findings reported by Jallad et al. [23] and Vodopivec et al. [24]. Lastly, chemotherapy was the most common anti-cancer treatment attributed to TLS (48%), as reported by Vodopivec et al. (58%) [24].

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to address the manifestations of TLS in solid tumors. TLS occurred spontaneously in 24% of the patients and was induced by the treatment in the remaining 76%. Time to TLS development was ≥3 days following anti-cancer treatment, and 52% of the patients received the full dose of anti-cancer treatment. Additionally, the most commonly reported symptoms were gastrointestinal and genitourinary symptoms in 33% of the patients. The most reported laboratory abnormalities were hyperuricemia (95%), followed by elevated creatinine level (85%), as reported by Vodopivec et al. [24].

In patients with solid tumors who had risk factors for TLS development, large amounts of fluids and allopurinol should be administered before the start of treatment [25]. Once the patient is diagnosed with TLS, treatment should be started using massive amounts of fluids and xanthine oxidase inhibitors such as rasburicase [26]. Our systematic review demonstrated that 58% of patients received intravenous fluids, 49% received allopurinol, and only 24% received rasburicase. These findings illustrate the need for continuous education programs and awareness campaigns to enhance the knowledge of physicians to identify patients at risk and start anti-TLS treatment early and effectively. Moreover, 77% of the patients were treated in the ward, not in the ICU setting. Surprisingly, we found that the mortality rate was 54%, and this is the first report describing the mortality rate associated with TLS in patients with solid tumors. Previous reports evaluating TLS in patients with hematological malignancies described mortality rates ranging from 20% to 30%, with the highest reported rate of 79% in AML patients [27-30].

Our systematic review has several strengths, including the fact that it is the largest and most comprehensive systematic review of case reports describing TLS in patients with solid tumors, manifestations of TLS following anti-cancer treatment, and the most common symptoms. However, our study also has several limitations: an important caveat for interpreting our study findings is the nature of case reports, since authors report unique cases and the findings may not account for unpublished reports of TLS. One inherent weakness of this study is the limited availability of data in case reports. Another important limitation is that the reporting of the drug dosage, number of doses, and schedule was incomplete in several case reports, and we were unable to determine whether the number of doses influenced the incidence of TLS.

We believe that the management of TLS should focus on risk assessment, prophylaxis, and treatment [31]. Aggressive hydration with oral and intravenous fluids should be initiated before the start of anti-cancer treatment, and oral hydration and adequate urine output should be maintained for several days after the completion of the treatment [32]. Urate-lowering agents, such as allopurinol or rasburicase, are recommended for prophylaxis and management of TLS [26]. Febuxostat is also a urate-lowering agent that can provide better control of hyperuricemia in TLS with a good safety profile if allopurinol is contraindicated or not available.

The findings show that TLS is a lethal condition, and early identification with prompt initiation of preventative measures is essential to save patient lives. Although the data indicated modest prognostic benefits, early initiation of anti-TLS measures will improve oncological outcomes. Care of patients with TLS requires an interdisciplinary approach including nephrologists, intensivists, oncologists, and internists in closed observation units, such as intermediate care or ICUs [33,34].

Conclusions

In this systematic review, we found that older men had a higher tendency to develop TLS. Hepatocellular carcinoma was the most common type of cancer leading to TLS development, followed by lung cancer and melanoma. Metastatic cancer was a contributing risk factor for TLS development. Chemotherapy was the most common class of anti-cancer treatment that induced TLS. Manifestations of TLS developed within ≥3 days following anti-cancer treatment, and half of the patients received the full dose of anti-cancer treatment. Gastrointestinal and genitourinary symptoms were the most commonly reported, and almost all patients showed high uric acid and elevated creatinine levels.

Appendices

Appendix 1

Table 6. Search methodology.

Pubmed:
#	Keywords
1	"tumor lysis syndrome"
2	"spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome"
3	"Acute tumor lysis syndrome"
4	"tumour lysis syndrome"
5	OR/1-4
6	("Solid tumor" OR "Solid cancer" OR "solid carcinoma" OR "solid neoplasm")
7	("breast cancer" OR "breast carcinoma" )
8	("lung cancer" OR "lung carcinoma")
9	("liver cancer" OR "hepatic carcinoma")
10	("ovarian cancer" OR "ovarian carcinoma" OR "ovarian tumor")
11	("colon cancer" OR "colon carcinoma" OR "colon tumor")
12	("gastric cancer" OR "gastric tumor")
13	("Brain cancer" OR "brain tumor")
14	("prostate cancer" OR "prostate tumor")"skin tumor"
15	"skin tumor"
16	sarcoma
17	("bone cancer" OR "bone carcinoma")
18	("pancreatic cancer" OR "pancreatic carcinoma" OR "pancreatic tumor")
19	"cervical cancer"
20	"cervix carcinoma"
21	("endometrial cancer" OR "endometrial tumor" OR "endometrial adenocarcinoma")
22	("esophageal cancer" OR "esophageal tumor")
23	("hepatocellular cancer" OR "hepatocellular carcinoma") ("small cell cancer" OR "small cell carcinoma" OR "small cell tumor")
24	("small cell cancer" OR "small cell carcinoma" OR "small cell tumor")
25	("germ cell cancer" OR "germ cell tumor")
26	osteosarcoma
27	neuroblastoma
28	medulloblastoma
29	("renal cancer" OR "renal carcinoma" OR "renal cell cancer" OR "renal cell carcinoma" OR "renal cell tumor")
30	mesothelioma
31	glioblastoma
32	melanoma
33	OR/ 6-32
34	5 AND 33
35	English
36	Human
37	Adult(+19)
38	OR 35-37
39	34 And 38
Ovid:
#	Keywords
1	All of resources were selected except books
2	"tumor lysis syndrome"
3	"spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome"
4	"Acute tumor lysis syndrome"
5	"tumour lysis syndrome"
6	OR/2-5
7	("Solid tumor" OR "Solid cancer" OR "solid carcinoma" OR "solid neoplasm")
8	("breast cancer" OR "breast carcinoma" )
9	("lung cancer" OR "lung carcinoma")
10	("liver cancer" OR "hepatic carcinoma")
11	("ovarian cancer" OR "ovarian carcinoma" OR "ovarian tumor")
12	("colon cancer" OR "colon carcinoma" OR "colon tumor")
13	("gastric cancer" OR "gastric tumor")
14	("Brain cancer" OR "brain tumor")
15	("prostate cancer" OR "prostate tumor")
16	"skin tumor"
17	sarcoma
18	("bone cancer" OR "bone carcinoma")
19	("pancreatic cancer" OR "pancreatic carcinoma" OR "pancreatic tumor")
20	"cervical cancer"
21	"cervix carcinoma"
22	("endometrial cancer" OR "endometrial tumor" OR "endometrial adenocarcinoma")
23	("esophageal cancer" OR "esophageal tumor")
24	("hepatocellular cancer" OR "hepatocellular carcinoma")
25	("small cell cancer" OR "small cell carcinoma" OR "small cell tumor")
26	("germ cell cancer" OR "germ cell tumor")
27	Osteosarcoma
28	neuroblastoma
29	medulloblastoma
30	("renal cancer" OR "renal carcinoma" OR "renal cell cancer" OR "renal cell carcinoma" OR "renal cell tumor")
31	mesothelioma
32	glioblastoma
33	Melanoma
34	OR/ 7-33
35	6 AND 34
36	D duplicates from ovid
37	English
38	Human
39	Adult(+19)
40	OR 36-39
41	35 And 40
Cochrane library:
1	"tumor lysis syndrome"
2	"spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome"
3	"Acute tumor lysis syndrome"
4	"tumour lysis syndrome"
5	OR/1-4
6	("Solid tumor" OR "Solid cancer" OR "solid carcinoma" OR "solid neoplasm")
7	("breast cancer" OR "breast carcinoma")
8	("lung cancer" OR "lung carcinoma")
9	("liver cancer" OR "hepatic carcinoma")
10	("ovarian cancer" OR "ovarian carcinoma" OR "ovarian tumor")
11	("colon cancer" OR "colon carcinoma" OR "colon tumor")
12	("gastric cancer" OR "gastric tumor")
13	("Brain cancer" OR "brain tumor")
14	("prostate cancer" OR "prostate tumor")
15	"skin tumor"
16	sarcoma
17	("bone cancer" OR "bone carcinoma")
18	("pancreatic cancer" OR "pancreatic carcinoma" OR "pancreatic tumor")
19	"cervical cancer"
20	"cervix carcinoma"
21	("endometrial cancer" OR "endometrial tumor" OR "endometrial adenocarcinoma")
22	("esophageal cancer" OR "esophageal tumor")
23	("hepatocellular cancer" OR "hepatocellular carcinoma")
24	("small cell cancer" OR "small cell carcinoma" OR "small cell tumor")
25	("germ cell cancer" OR "germ cell tumor")
26	osteosarcoma
27	neuroblastoma
28	medulloblastoma
29	("renal cancer" OR "renal carcinoma" OR "renal cell cancer" OR "renal cell carcinoma" OR "renal cell tumor")
30	mesothelioma
31	glioblastoma
32	Melanoma
33	OR/ 6-32
34	5 AND 33

Open in a new tab

Appendix 2

Table 7. Quality assessment of included studies.

Author

Year

Title

Demographics (age, sex)

Current health status

Medical history

Physical exam

Patient disposition

Drug identification

Dosage

Drug reaction interface

Concomitant therapy

Adverse events

Discussion

Katiman 2012 [2]

Yes

Kekre 2012 [3]

Yes

Mouallem 2013 [4]

Yes

Durham 2017 [5]

Yes

D’Alessandro 2010 [6]

Yes

Drakos 1994 [7]

Yes

Tomlinson 1984 [8]

Yes

Marinella 1999 [9]

Yes

Castro 1999 [10]

Yes

Han 2008 [11]

Yes

Lehnar 2005 [12]

Yes

Sklarin 1995 [13]

Yes

Borne 2009 [14]

Yes

Partial

Yes

Hsieh 2009 [15]

Yes

Kim 2017 [17]

Yes

Partial

Yes

van Kalleveen 2018 [18]

Yes

Vaidya 2015 [35]

Yes

Baeksgaard 2003 [25]

Yes

Farooqi 2015 [36]

Yes

Gbaguidi 2016 [37]

Yes

Partial

Yes

Bilgrami 1993 [38]

Yes

Camarata 2013 [39]

Yes

Geum 2008 [40]

Yes

Blanke 2000 [41]

Yes

Wang 2010 [42]

Yes

Bhardwaj 2018 [43]

Yes

Ajzensztejn 2006 [44]

Yes

Chan 2005 [45]

Yes

Partial

Yes

Baudon 2016 [46]

Yes

Partial

Yes

Beriwal 2002 [47]

Yes

Partial

Yes

Godoy 2010 [48]

Yes

Gongora 2019 [49]

Yes

Partial

Yes

Gold 1993 [50]

Yes

Yoshimura 2008 [51]

Yes

yes

Boikos 2013 [52]

Yes

Partial

Yes

Dar 2014 [53]

Yes

Partial

Yes

Woo 2001 [54]

Yes

Vogelzang 1983 [55]

Yes

Partial

Yes

Yahata 2006 [56]

Yes

Chao 2012 [57]

Yes

Baumann 1983 [58]

Yes

Abbass 2011 [59]

Yes

Vishwanathan 2019 [60]

Yes

Stoves 2001 [61]

Yes

Tsai 2012 [62]

Yes

Hiraizumi 2011 [63]

Yes

Partial

Yes

Hentrich 2008 [64]

Yes

yes

Hussein 1990 [65]

Yes

Burney 1998 [66]

Yes

Partial

Yes

Cihan 2015 [67]

Yes

Partial

Yes

Agarwala 2017 [68]

Yes

Catania 2017 [69]

Yes

Ignaszewski 2017 [70]

Yes

Jallad 2011 [23]

Yes

Stuart 2017 [71]

Yes

partial

Yes

Jiang 2016 [72]

Yes

Kallab 2001 [73]

Yes

Kaplan 2012 [74]

Yes

Sewani 2002 [75]

Yes

Sakamoto 2007 [76]

Yes

Taira 2015 [77]

Yes

Sorscher 2004 [78]

Yes

Shiba 2008 [79]

Yes

Regnault 2016 [80]

Yes

Wright 2005 [81]

Yes

partial

Weil 2018 [82]

Yes

Mazzoni 2016 [83]

Yes

Krishnan 2008 [84]

Yes

Lee 2006 [85]

Yes

Saleh 2015 [86]

Yes

Zigrossi .2001 [87]

Yes

Kalemkerian 1997 [88]

Yes

Habib 2002 [89]

Yes

Stark 1987 [90]

Yes

Meeks 2016 [91]

Yes

Busam 2004 [92]

Yes

Partial

Yes

Mehrzad 2014 [93]

Yes

Michels 2010 [94]

Yes

Nakamura 2009 [95]

Yes

Gouveia 2018 [96]

Yes

Partial

Yes

Huang 2009 [97]

Yes

Lin 2007 [98]

Yes

Nicholaou 2007 [99]

Yes

Norberg 2014 [100]

Yes

OztopI 2004 [101]

Yes

Pabon 2018 [102]

Yes

Partial

Yes

Pindak 2019 [103]

Yes

Rostom 2000 [104]

Yes

Romo 2019 [105]

Yes

Okay 2019 [106]

Yes

partial

Dhakal 2018 [107]

Yes

Shiozawa 2010 [108]

Yes

Partial

Yes

Dirix 1991 [109]

Yes

Shamseddine. 1993 [110]

Yes

Partial

Song. 2011 [111]

Yes

Takeuchi 2016 [112]

Yes

Kim 2014 [113]

Yes

Partial

Yes

Chow 2015 [114]

Yes

Cech 1986 [115]

Yes

Feld 2000 [116]

Yes

Boisseau 1996 [117]

Yes

Alaigh 2017 [118]

Yes

Pinder 2007 [119]

Yes

Kurt 2005 [120]

Yes

Kawai 2006 [121]

Yes

Vaisban 2003 [122]

Yes

Okamoto 2015 [123]

Yes

Boyd 2017 [124]

Yes

Vodopivec 2012 [24]

Yes

Tseng 2016 [125]

Yes

Berringer 2017 [126]

Yes

Sommerhalder 2017 [127]

Yes

Shenoy 2009 [128]

Yes

Lee 2013 [129]

Yes

Tanvetyanon 2004 [130]

Yes

Ustundag 1997 [131]

Yes

Partial

Yes

Abbouda 2009 [132]

Yes

Barton 1989 [133]

Yes

Mott 2005 [134]

Yes

Partial

Yes

Qian 2009 [135]

Yes

Yuan 2017 [136]

Yes

Lin 2007 [137]

Yes

Partial

Yes

Liang 2012 [138]

Yes

Partial

Yes

Sharma 2006 [139]

Yes

Open in a new tab

Appendix 3

Table 8. Characteristics of included studies.

HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; TACE: trans arterial chemoembolisation; HTN: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney disease; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; RCC: renal cell carcinoma; NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SCLC: small cell lung cancer; PVE: portal vein embolization; ESOS: extraskeletal osteosarcoma; SOB: shortness of breath; BAC: bronchioloalveolar carcinoma; TLS: tumor lysis syndrome TURP: transurethral resection of the prostate; IMRT: intensity-modulated radiation therapy; GIST: gastrointestinal stromal tumor

Case (Author, year, (reference no.)	Age (years)	Gender (M/F)	Primary cancer	Anti-cancer treatment: Full dose or reduced (class and name)	Number of doses: days preceding presentation	Any comorbidities	Presenting symptoms	Risk factors
Katiman, 2012 [2]	55	M	HCC	chemotherapy: TACE (doxorubicin)	1 cycle:1 dose: 1 day after initiation	HTN, hepatitis B	right hypochondrial pain, nausea, haematuria.	bulky tumor
Kekre, 2012 [3]	76	M	HCC	spontaneous	none	hemochromatosis, arthritis, DM, CKD, HTN, dyslipidemia, erectile dysfunction.	nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, epigastric pain, and decreased appetite.	bulky tumor, pre-existing renal compromise.
Mouallem, 2013 (Case 1) [4]	68	M	melanoma	chemotherapy: dacarbazine	3 courses: 3 days after the last course	N/A	nausea, vomiting, weakness, confusion and oliguria	bulky and metastatic tumor
Mouallem, 2013 (Case 2) [4]	69	M	melanoma	spontaneous	N/A	N/A	rectal bleeding	bulky and metastatic tumor
Durham, 2018 [5]	59	M	melanoma	spontaneous	N/A	N/A	abdominal pain, nausea	metastatic tumor
D’Alessandro, 2010 [6]	22	M	germ cell tumor	spontaneous	N/A	DM	abdominal fullness, epigastric pain, weight loss and lethargic	metastatic tumor
Drakos, 1994 [7]	32	F	breast carcinoma	Chemotherapy: mitoxantrone 14 mg/m2: 22 mg, full dose	1 cycle: 2 doses: 4 days after initiation.	N/A	nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, confusion	rapidly growing tumors with spreading to other organ, and pretreatment high LDH
Tomlinson, 1984 [8]	34	F	medulloblastoma	Radiotherapy: cobalt-60 100 radiation per day, full dose	fourth day after total of 300 radiation	N/A	oliguria	metastatic cancer, pretreatment high LDH
Marinella, 1999 [9]	52	M	SCLC	Chemotherapy: etoposide (100mg/m2) and cisplatin 30 mg/m2), full dose	1 cycle: 1 days after initiation	DM and HTN	lethargic, hematochezia	metastatic tumor
Castro, 1999 [10]	61	M	melanoma	Biochemotherapy: interleukin-2 MIU/M2/Day IV, interferon-𝝰 5MU/M2/day SQ, dacarbazine 800mg/m2/day, vinblastine 1.6mg/m2/day IV, cisplatin 20mg/m2/day IV, full dose	1 cycle: 4 days after initiation	N/A	oliguria	metastatic and bulky tumor
Han, 2008 [11]	38	M	gastric cancer	Chemotherapy: capecitabine 1,250 mg/m2 orally twice daily on day 1 through 14, plus cisplatine 60 mg/m2 IV on day 1, full dose	1 cycle: 3 days after initiation	N/A	dyspnea and oliguria	bulky and metastatic tumor, pretreatment high LDH and the tumor is highly sensitive to chemotherapy
Lehnar, 2005 [12]	64	M	HCC	radiofrequency ablation	2 portions of ablation: 2 days after initiation	hepatitis C, DM	hypoxia dyspnea, oliguric, arrhythmia	bulky
Sklarin. 1995 [13]	62	F	breast cancer	spontaneous	N/A	NA	dyspnea	metastatic cancer, high baseline LDH
Borne, 2009 [14]	42	M	melanoma a	corticosteroid high dose	48 hours after initiation	N/A	N/A	metastatic cancer, bulky tumor, pretreatment high LDH
Hsieh (case 1), 2009 [15]	76	F	HCC	chemotherapy: TACE with 20 mg adriamycin, full dose	1 cycle: 1 dose : 3 days after TACE started	N/A	acute renal insufficiency	N/A
Hsieh (case 2), 2009 [15]	56	M	HCC	chemotherapy: TACE with 10 mg of lipiodol + 20 mg adriamycin, full dose	1 cycle: 1 dose: same night of TACE initiation.	hepatitis B	oliguria	N/A
Kim, 2017 [17]	35	F	cervical cancer	spontaneous	N/A	N/A	general weakness	N/A
van Kalleveen, 2018 [18]	58	M	RCC	targeted therapy: pazopanib 800mg, full dose	1 cycle: 6 days after administration	N/A	nausea, vomiting and diarrhea	metastatic cancer
Vaidya, 2015 [35]	52	F	breast cancer	chemotherapy: paclitaxel 80mg/m2, full dose	1 cycle: 1 dose: 1 week after administration	N/A	confusion and sluggishness	metastatic cancer
Baeksgaard, 2003 [25]	23	M	medulloblastoma	chemotherapy (cisplatin 20mg/m2, etoposide 50mg/m2) for five days every 3 weeks full dose	1 cycle 2 dose 2 days after initiation	N/A	fatigue, difficulty in breathing, and low urine output	pretreatment high LDH, and metastatic cancer
Farooqi 2015 [36]	52	M	colorectal cancer (cecum)	targeted therapy (regorafenib)	1 week after initiation	HTN, asthma, and recent stroke	nausea, and vomiting.	metastatic tumor
Gbaguidi, 2016 [37]	88	F	RCC	spontaneous	N/A	HTN, heart failure, and CKD	vomiting	bulky and metastatic tumor, acute medical condition (infection).
Bilgrami , 1993 [38]	47	F	Advanced ovarian cancer	combination chemotherapy: carboplatin 400mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide 500mg/m2, full dose	1 cycle: 1 dose: 4 days after initiation	N/A	N/A	bulky and rapidly growing tumors
Camarata, 2013 [39]	63	F	serous ovarian cancer	combination chemotherapy: carboplatin and paclitaxel 75mg/m2, full dose	1 cycle: 1 dose: 2 days after initiation	high output heart failure	N/A	bulky and metastatic tumor
Geum, 2008 [40]	52	M	NSCLC	palliative radiotherapy: total dosage of 30 Gy divided by 10 fractions, full dose	second fractions (total of 6Gy)	N/A	oliguria, dyspnea	N/A
Blanke, 2000 [41]	52	M	Choriocarcinoma	Chemotherapy: etoposide 100mg/m2 and cisplatin 20mg/m2, full dose	1 cycle: 2 days after initiation	HTN, osteoarthritis, hypercholesterolemia mia	oliguria	metastatic cancer, pretreatment high LDH
Wang, 2010 [42]	54	F	HCC	chemotherapy: TACE with doxorubicin 60 mg and lipiodol 20ml, full dose	1 cycle: 1 dose: 5 days after initiation.	N/A	decreased urine output	N/A
Bhardwaj, 2018 [43]	67	M	prostatic cancer	Chemotherapy: docetaxel 75 mg/m2, full dose	1 cycle: 1 dose 3 days after initiation	N/A	N/A	metastatic tumor
Ajzensztejn, 2006 [44]	65	M	NSCLC	Chemotherapy: docetaxel 75 mg/m2, full dose	1 cycle: 1 dose 3 days after initiation	COPD	drowsiness, breathless, hypotension,acute renal failure	metastatic cancer, and large tumor burden
Chan, 2005 [45]	62	F	ovarian cancer	Chemotherapy: topotecan	2 cycle 2 weeks after initiation	N/A	abdominal pain, nausea, and anorexia	metastatic cancer, large tumor burden, rapid growth tumor, pretreatment high LDH, and bulky
Baudon, 2016 [46]	58	F	breast cancer	target therapy: trastuzumab, pertuzumab	1 cycle: 2 days after her first course	TB	hypovolemic shock	pretreatment high LDH, metastatic cancer, and bulky disease
Beriwal,2002 [47]	68	F	SCLC	chemotherapy: topotecan	1 cycle:1 dose 1 day after initiation	N/A	low urinary output 200ml	pretreatment high LDH and metastatic cancer
Godoy, 2010 [48]	60	F	endometrial cancer	chemotherapy: carboplatin, paclitaxel	1 cycle: 4 days after initiation	N/A	shortness of breath, weakness, and fatigue	metastatic cancer
Gongora, 2019 [49]	46	M	prostatic cancer	chemotherapy: carboplatin, etoposide	5 days after initiation	N/A	N/A	metastatic cancer, pretreatment high LDH
Gold 1993 [50]	66	M	gastric leiomyosarcoma	chemotherapy: cyclophosphamide 2 g/m2; immunotherapy: autolymphocyte therapy, full dose	1 cycle: 1 dose: 16 hours after initiation of the adaptive chemo-immunotherapy	HTN	nausea, fever, and abdominal pain	Large tumor burden and metastatic cancer
Yoshimura, 2008 [51]	59	M	gastric cancer	Chemotherapy: irinotecan and cisplatin reduced dose	After second cycle of chemotherapy	N/A	mild edema of the legs	N/A
Boikos, 2013 [52]	70	F	SCLC	Chemotherapy: cisplatin, etoposide	1 cycle: 8 days after initiation	N/A	N/A	N/A
Dar, 2014 [53]	65	M	melanoma	palliative radiotherapy	5 radiation sessions 7 days after the last session	N/A	general illness, renal insufficiency	metastatic cancer
Woo, 2001 [54]	36	M	gastric cancer	spontaneous	N/A	N/A	abdominal fullness and pain	metastatic cancer
Vogelzang, 1983 [55]	57	F	SCLC	Chemotherapy: doxorubicin50% dose reduction, cisplatin, etoposide, and vincristine sulfate	1 cycle: 1 dose: 36 hours after initiation	N/A	respiratory distress	metastatic cancer
Yahata, 2006 [56]	53	F	ovarian cancer	chemotherapy: paclitaxel 100mg, full dose	5 days after administration	N/A	oliguria	N/A
Chao, 2012 [57]	51	M	HCC	chemotherapy: TACE; type of drugs use not mentioned	N/A	hepatitis B	abdominal pain, oliguria, and fever	N/A
Baumann, 1983 [58]	78	M	SCLC	Chemotherapy: doxorubicin 30mg/sq, cyclophosphamide 900mg/sq, vincristine 2.0mg, full dose	7 days after initiation	N/A	oliguria	metastatic cancer
Abbass, 2011 [59]	62	M	HCC	chemotherapy: sorafenib 800 mg/day, full dose	7 days after initiation	hepatitis B	somnolent, and confused	pretreatment high LDH
Vishwanathan, 2019 [60]	60	F	uterine cancer	spontaneous	N/A	N/A	fatigue, weakness, abdominal girth and pain, anorexia, vaginal spotting, and hematuria	N/A
Stoves, 2001 [61]	43	M	melanoma	chemotherapy and immunotherapy: cisplatin 30mg/m2 and dacarbazine 250mg/m2on days 1-3 and interferon alpha 10MU/m2 on days 1-5 of treatment, full dose	1 cycle: 2 days after initiation	N/A	oliguria, ascites, and edema	metastatic cancer
Tsai, 2012 [62]	51	M	HCC	chemotherapy: PVE and TACE; name of drugs and doses not mentioned	1 cycle: 2 days after initiation	hepatitis B	N/A	large tumor burden
Hiraizumi, 2011 [63]	36	F	uterine leiomyosarcoma	Chemotherapy: vincristine, actinomycin-D, and cyclophosphamide	2 cycle: 7 day after the second cycle of chemotherapy	N/A	confused and decreased urine output	large, bulky and metastatic cancer, pretreatment high LDH
Hentrich, 2008 [64]	62	M	colon cancer	chemotherapy and target therapy: bevacizumab 5 mg/kg IV , irinotecan 50 mg/m2, 5-FU 1400 mg/m2 as 24-hour continuous infusion, and folinic acid 400 mg/m2), full dose	1 cycle: two days after treatment started	N/A	N/A	metastatic cancer and pretreatment high LDH
Hussein, 1990 [65]	57	M	SCLC	chemotherapy: cyclophosphamide 750 mg/m2, doxorubicin 45 mg/m2, and vincristine 2 mg (all intravenously), full dose	1 cycle: 4 days after chemotherapy started	N/A	N/A	metastatic cancer, pretreatment high LDH
Burney, 1998 (case 1) [66]	44	M	HCC	Chemotherapy: TACE (cisplatin 60 mg/m2), full dose	1 cycle:1 dose 8 hours after infusion	N/A	oliguria	N/A
Burney, 1998 (case 2) [66]	46	M	HCC	chemotherapy: TACE, drugs not mentioned	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Cihan, 2015 [67]	61	M	unknown primary tumor	chemotherapy: cetuximab 400mg/m2, irinotecan 125mg/m2, full dose	1 cycle: 1 dose 16 hours after infusion	N/A	N/A	metastatic cancer
Agarwala, 2017 [68]	26	F	HCC	spontaneous	N/A	hepatitis B	abdominal pain, jaundice, and abdominal distention, oliguria	metastatic cancer
Catania, 2017 [69]	65	F	ESOS	spontaneous	N/A	N/A	abdominal pain	metastatic cancer
Ignaszewski, 2017 [70]	69	M	prostate adenocarcinoma	spontaneous	N/A	HTN, hyperlipidemia	nausea, vomiting,weakness, dizziness, and abdominal pain	metastatic cancer
Jallad, 2011 [23]	75	F	SCLC	spontaneous	N/A	COPD, coronary artery disease	SOB, poor appetite, fatigue, increase abdominal girth	high tumor burden and metastatic cancer
Stuart, 2017 [71]	Mid dle Age	M	BAC	palliative radiotherapy	TLS appeared 3 days following radiotherapy	N/A	seizure and global weakness	Metastatic cancer
Jiang, 2016 [72]	52	M	HCC	chemotherapy: TACE (iodised oil 20 ml with 5-fluorouracil 500 ml, epirubicin 30 mg)	1 cycle:1 dose: 1 day after TACE	liver cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis B virus	abdominal pain, fever, and anuric	N/A
Kallab, 2001 [73]	61	M	SCLC	Chemotherapy: cisplatin 80 mg/m2 on day 1 and etoposide 120 mg/m2 on day 1-3, full dose	1 cycle: 1 dose of cisplatin and 3 doses of etoposide 4 days after initiation of chemotherapy	N/A	severe lethargy, oliguria, tachycardia, and hypotension	large tumor burden, metastatic cancer, and pretreatment high LDH
Kaplan, 2012 [74]	60	M	prostate cancer	palliative radiotherapy: total of 30 Gy radiotherapy in 10 fractions, full dose	Day 3 of radiotherapy	N/A	oliguria and dyspnea	metastatic cancer, pretreatment high LDH
Sewani, 2002 [75]	55	M	mixed SCLC and NSCLC	Chemotherapy: carboplatin 830 mg, paclitaxel 440 mg, full dose	1 cycle: 1 dose: 1 day following administration	N/A	Abdominal pain and fever	metastatic cancer
Sakamoto, 2007 [76]	55	M	HCC	chemotherapy: TOCE (15 mL of iodized oil, 50 mg of epirubicin hydrochloride, and embolization with two sheets of gelatin sponge	2 cycles: 1 dose: 1 day following TOCE	hepatitis B	fever, decrease urine output , severe diarrhea, anuria cough, hemoptysis, and dyspnea,	bulky tumor with high LDH level before the TOCE
Taira, 2015 [77]	69	F	breast cancer	targeted therapy: trastuzumab	1 cycle: 6 days following administration	N/A	cardiac arrhythmia	-metastatic cancer
Sorscher, 2004 [78]	80	M	Prostate cancer	chemotherapy: docetaxel at 35 mg/m2) full dose	1 cycle: 1 dose: 1 day after administration	N/A	N/A	-Metastatic cancer, high baseline LDH
Shiba, 2008 [79]	77	M	HCC	chemotherapy: TACE (hydrochloric acid epirubicin 70 mg, 20 mL of iodized oil esters, and 160 mg of porous gelatine grains, full dose	1 cycle: 1 dose: 3 days after administration	N/A	fatigue, fever and oliguria	large tumor burden
Regnault, 2016 [80]	73	M	nodular melanoma	Immunotherapy: Ipilimumab	1 cycle: TLS appears 6 days after initiation	N/A	cardiac arrhythmia	Metastatic cancer, high pretreatment LDH
Wright, 2005 [81]	60	M	prostate cancer	chemotherapy: paclitaxel 100 mg/m2, full dose	1 cycle: 1 dose: 1 day after initiation	N/A	anuria	metastatic cancer
Weil, 2018 [82]	64	F	small cell carcinoma of the cervix	spontaneous	N/A	DM, HTN, dyslipidemia.	weakness, fatigue and abdominal pain	high pretreatment LDH and metastatic cancer
Mazzoni, 2016 [83]	62	M	prostate cancer	palliative radiotherapy: external beam radiation therapy, TURP, and hormonal therapy (bicalutamide)	N/A	N/A	fatigue, weakness, confusion and anuric	metastatic cancer
Krishnan, 2008 [84]	64	M	colon cancer	targeted therapy : cetuximab 400mg/m2, full dose	1 cycle: 1 dose: 18 hours after initiation	N/A	N/A	metastatic cancer
Lee, 2006 [85]	62	M	HCC	immuno-target therapy: thalidomide 300mg per day, full dose	1 cycle: 5 days after initiation	N/A	SOB	N/A
Saleh, 2015 [86]	56	F	pancreatic cancer	spontaneous	N/A	N/A	generalised weakness	metastatic cancer
Zigrossi, 2001 [87]	N/A	F	breast cancer	hormonal therapy: letrozole	N/A	N/A	shock, bilateral pleural effusion, cardiac tamponade, and oliguria	N/A
Kalemkerian, 1997 [88]	74	F	SCLC	Chemotherapy: cisplatin 80 mg/m2 on day 1 and etoposide 100 mg/m2 on days 1-3, full dose.	1 cycle: 1 dose cisplatin and 3 doses etoposide 3 days after chemotherapy initiation	DM	lethargic and oliguric	metastatic tumor and pretreatment high LDH
Habib, 2002 [89]	56	F	melanoma	Steroid: hydrocortisone 100 mg, full dose	2 doses of hydrocortisone: 7 hours after steroid started	N/A	weakness and malaise	metastatic cancer and pretreatment high LDH
Stark, 1987 [90]	53	F	breast adenocarcinoma	Chemotherapy: fluorouracil 400 mg/m2, doxorubicin 40mg/m2,cyclophos phamide 400mg/m2, full dose	N/A	N/A	SOB	metastatic cancer, rapidly growing tumors, pretreatment high LDH, and high tumor burden
Meeks, 2016 [91]	46	M	unknown primary cancer	Steroid: dexamethasone 4mg per 6 hours, full dose	2 days after initiation	anemia	lower back pain	metastatic cancer and bulky tumor
Krishnan, 2008 [84]	64	M	colon cancer	targeted therapy : cetuximab 400mg/m2, full dose.	1 cycle : 1 dose : 18 hours after initiation	N/A	N/A	metastatic cancer
Lee, 2006 [85]	62	M	HCC	immuno-target therapy: thalidomide 300mg per day, full dose	1 cycle: 5 days after initiation	N/A	SOB	N/A
Saleh, 2015 [86]	56	F	pancreatic cancer	spontaneous	N/A	N/A	generalised weakness	metastatic cancer
Zigrossi, 2001 [87]	N/A	F	breast cancer	hormonal therapy: letrozole	N/A	N/A	shock, bilateral pleural effusion, cardiac tamponade, and oliguria	N/A
Kalemkerian, 1997 [88]	74	F	SCLC	chemotherapy: cisplatin 80 mg/m2 on day1 and etoposide 100 mg/m2 on days 1 to 3, full dose	1 cycle: 1 dose cisplatin and 3 doses etoposide 3 days after chemotherapy initiation	DM	lethargic and oliguric	metastatic tumor and pretreatment high LDH
Habib, 2002 [89]	56	F	melanoma	Steroid: hydrocortisone 100 mg, full dose	2 doses of hydrocortisone: 7 hours after steroid started	N/A	weakness and malaise	metastatic cancer and pretreatment high LDH
Stark, 1987 [90]	53	F	breast adenocarcinoma	Chemotherapy: fluorouracil 400 mg/m2, doxorubicin 40mg/m2, cyclophos phamide 400mg/m2, full dose	N/A	N/A	SOB	metastatic cancer, rapidly growing tumors, pretreatment high LDH, and high tumor burden
Meeks, 2016 [91]	46	M	unknown primary cancer	Steroid: dexamethasone 4 mg per 6 hours, full dose	2 days after initiation	anemia	lower back pain	metastatic cancer and bulky tumor
Busam, 2004 [92]	36	F	melanoma	bio-chemo therapy: cisplatin, vinblastine, dacarbazine, interferon-𝝰, interleukin-2	N/A	N/A	N/A	metastatic cancer
Mehrzad, 2014 [93]	70	M	HCC	spontaneous	N/A	withdrawal seizure and HTN	oliguria	bulky tumor and metastatic tumor
Michels, 2010 [94]	48	M	RCC	Targeted therapy: sunitinib 50 mg daily for 4 weeks	Day 18 after initiation of treatment	N/A	fever, headache, vomiting	bulky tumor and metastatic tumor
Nakamura, 2009 [95]	58	M	melanoma	Chemotherapy: cisplatin 70Mg/m2, full dose	N/A	N/A	weakness and malaise	metastatic tumor and bulky
Gouveia, 2018 [96]	51	F	colorectal cancer	palliative chemotherapy: oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2, 5-fluoroucil 400 mg/m2 bolus, 2400 mg/m2 continuous infusion, full dose	after completing three cycles	HTN, obesity	asthenia, fidgetiness, fine tremor.	metastatic tumor. pretreatment high LDH
Huang, 2009 [97]	55	M	HCC	target therapy: sorafenib 400 mg twice every day, full dose.	30 days after sorafenib started	hepatitis B	jaundice, oliguria, weakness	N/A
Lin, 2007 [98]	72	M	prostate carcinoma	spontaneous	N/A	N/A	anorexia, fatigue, and severe pedal edema	metastatic tumor
Nicholaou, 2007 [99]	67	F	RCC	targeted therapy: sunitinib	between days 3-9 of treatment	N/A	watery stools, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue	metastatic tumor
Norberg, 2014 [100]	56	M	RCC	spontaneous	N/A	HTN	severe back pain, night sweets, weight loss and low-grade fevers	metastatic tumor
OztopI, 2004 [101]	66	M	colon cancer	Chemotherapy: irinotecan180 mg/m2 5-fluorouracil 400 mg/m2 bolus 600 mg/m2 continuous infusion leucovorin 200mg/m2, full dose	1 cycle: 72 hours after initiation	N/A	oliguria	metastatic tumor
Pabon, 2018 [102]	mid dle age d	F	uterine leiomyosarcoma	Chemotherapy: ribulin mesylate 1.4mg/m2, full dose	cycle 1 : day 8 after initiation	N/A	fatigue, dyspnoea, and poor appetite	metastatic tumor and bulky tumor
Pindak, 2019 [103]	19	M	testicular germ cell tumor	surgery: radical resection of the tumor	during the surgery	N/A	cardiac arrhythmia	bulky tumor and metastatic tumor
Rostom, 2000 [104]	73	M	breast cancer	radiotherapy: upper hemi-body radiation (UHBI) total breast dose 9.65 Gy, full dose	48 hours after initiation	DM	drowsy, confused	metastatic tumor
Romo, 2019 [105]	28	M	oligodendroglioma	Radiotherapy: IMRT with a cumulative dose of 5940 cGy over 33 fractions	N/A	N/A	N/A	metastatic tumor and rapidly growing tumor
Okay, 2019 [106]	61	M	HCC	chemotherapy: TACE (ethanol and lipiodol)	2 weeks after initiation	chronic myeloid leukemia	N/A	N/A
Dhakal, 2018 [107]	70	M	small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma	spontaneous	N/A	coronary artery disease	fatigue, leg swelling, heartburn, nausea, abdominal pain, decreased urinary output	metastatic
Shiozawa, 2010 [108]	79	F	HCC	targeted therapy: sorafenib	1 cycle: 10 days after initiation	hepatitis C and liver cirrhosis	N/A	N/A
Dirix, 1991 [109]	65	F	Merkle cell carcinoma	chemotherapy: doxorubicin 50mg/m2 IV bolus, and 5 g/m2 continuous infusion over 24 hours of ifosfamide, full dose	1 cycle: 4 days after chemotherapy initiation	N/A	anuria.	bulky and metastatic tumor, highly sensitive to chemotherapy, and pretreatment high LDH
Shamseddine, 1993 [110]	66	F	valvular cancer	chemotherapy: cisplatin, 50 mg as continuous infusion over 4 hours daily for 3 days, 5 FU, 1500 mg as continuous infusion over 24 hours for 5 days, full dose.	1 cycle	N/A	tachypnea and sweating	bulky and metastatic tumor
Song, 2011 [111]	46	M	melanoma	spontaneous	N/A	N/A	abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and dyspnea	metastatic tumor, large tumor burden, high tumor proliferation rate, elevated serum LDH
Takeuchi, 2016 [112]	62	M	melanoma	spontaneous	N/A	DM	oliguria and back pain	metastatic tumor and elevated serum LDH
Kim, 2014 [113]	59	M	colon cancer	chemotherapy: 5-FU, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin	2nd cycle : 3 days after chemotherapy, and 3rd cycle: 3 days after chemotherapy.	N/A	N/A	metastatic tumor
Chow, 2015 [114]	47	M	testicular cancer	spontaneous	N/A	N/A	breathlessness, bilateral limb swelling, and tachypnea.	N/A
Cech, 1986 [115]	94	F	breast cancer	hormonal therapy: tamoxifen 10mg by mouth twice a day, full dose	one week after initiation	N/A	bone pain	metastatic cancer
Feld, 2000 [116]	72	M	lung adenocarcinoma	spontaneous	N/A	N/A	increasing abdominal girth, jaundice, fever, weight lose, and night sweats	high baseline LDH and metastatic
Boisseau, 1996 [117]	42	F	colon cancer	Chemotherapy: irinotecan 300mg/m2, reduced dose	8 days after initiation	N/A	general deterioration	metastatic, bulky, and rapid growth tumor
Alaigh, 2017 [118]	58	F	leiomyosarcoma	spontaneous	N/A	N/A	abdominal distention, constipation, nausea, fatigue, and SOB	metastatic
Pinder, 2007 [119]	81	M	gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)	target therapy: imatinib 400mg once daily, full dose	2 days after initiation	N/A	SOB, oedema, and poor urine output	metastatic and bulky tumor
Kurt, 2005 [120]	52	M	lung adenocarcinoma	bone modifying therapy: zoledronic acid 4mg infused within 15 minutes	4 days after initiation	N/A	N/A	metastatic, bulky and large tumor border
Kawai, 2006 [121]	26	M	testicular cancer	chemotherapy: bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin (BEP)	1 day after initiation	N/A	Day 2 abdominal pain, Day 4 Massive melena	metastatic and pretreatment high LDH
Vaisban, 2003 (case 1) [122]	82	F	colon cancer	spontaneous	N/A	N/A	weakness, oliguria, and confusion	metastatic tumor
Vaisban, 2003 (case 2) [122]	80	M	pheochromocytoma	spontaneous	N/A	N/A	abdominal pain, fever, and vomiting	N/A
Vaisban, 2003 (case 3) [122]	72	M	HCC	spontaneous	N/A	N/A	abdominal pain, dyspnea, and weakness	N/A
Okamoto, 2015 [123]	62	F	ovarian cancer	spontaneous	N/A	N/A	lower abdominal pain, back pain, and anuria	bulky
Boyd, 2017 [124]	56	M	prostate cancer	spontaneous	N/A	N/A	abdominal pain	metastatic and bulky tumor, high LDH level, and pre-existing renal disease.
Vodopivec, 2012 [24]	57	M	gastric adenocarcinoma	chemotherapy: oxaliplatin, docetaxel, floxuridine, and leucovorin	7 days after initiation of first cycle	N/A	Nausea, vomiting, oliguria, and generalized weakness	metastatic
Tseng, 2016 [125]	65	M	colon cancer	chemotherapy: oxaliplatin 160 mg (85 mg/m2), 5-FU 2800 mg (1500 mg/m2) for 1 day, full dose	1st cycle: 4 days after chemotherapy started	N/A	chest tightness, altered level of consciousness, and ventricular tachycardia.	metastatic tumor
Berringer, 2017 [126]	48	M	colon cancer	spontaneous	N/A	N/A	abdominal pain,jaundice, weakness, and anorexia.	metastatic tumor and large tumor burden
Sommerhalder, 2017 [127]	49	F	colon cancer	spontaneous	N/A	HTN and anemia	edema of bilateral extremities associated with worsening dyspnea	metastatic tumor
Shenoy, 2009 [128]	74	M	SCLC	spontaneous	N/A	COPD, coronary artery disease, and HTN	anuria, lethargy, and weakness	bulky
Lee, 2013 [129]	40	F	thymoma	chemotherapy: IV paclitaxel 175mg/m2, IV ifosfamide 2500mg/m2, full dose	second day of chemotherapy	N/A	tachypnea, tachycardia, and oliguria	bulky, pretreatment high LDH, and metastatic tumor
Tanvetyanon, 2004 [130]	77	M	prostate cancer	hormonal therapy: goserelin acetate 10.8mg, full dose	6 days after initiation hormonal therapy	N/A	Lethargic and flapping tremor	bulky, pretreatment high LDH, and metastatic tumor
Ustundag, 1997 [131]	56	F	breast cancer	chemotherapy: paclitaxel IV infusion for 24 hours, full dose	one day after initiation	N/A	orthopnea, oliguria, and anuria	Metastatic cancer, high pretreatment LDH
Abbouda, 2009 [132]	53	M	maxillary sinus cancer	adjuvant chemoradiation: 66 Gy to the tumor bed and 50 Gy to the upper neck area, full dose	4 days after initiation	N/A	decreased level of consciousness and abdominal pain.	metastatic cancer
Barton. 1989 (case 1) [133]	57	F	breast cancer	chemotherapy: cyclophosphamid e 500mg/m2, methotrexate 30mg/m2 and 5-fluorouracil 500mg/m2, full dose	1 day after initiation	N/A	dyspnea	bulky, metastatic tumor, pretreatment high LDH, rapid tumor growth, and large tumor border
Barton, 1989 (case 2) [133]	58	M	seminoma	chemotherapy: vinblastine 0.2 mg/kg/d and IV bleomycin 30 units daily, full dose	2 days after initiation	N/A	N/A	bulky, metastatic tumor, pretreatment high LDH, rapid tumor growth, and large tumor border
Mott, 2005 (case 1) [134]	47	F	breast cancer	chemotherapy: fluorouracil/epiru bicin/cyclophosph amide, full dose	1 day after initiation	N/A	lethargy and lightheadedness	metastatic cancer
Mott, 2005 (case 2) [134]	44	F	breast cancer	chemotherapy: gemcitabine and cisplatin, full dose	1 day after initiation	N/A	nausea, dizziness, and decreased oral intake	metastatic cancer
Mott, 2005 (case 3) [134]	76	F	SCLC	chemotherapy: carboplatin and etoposide full dose	4 days after initiation	N/A	nausea and dehydration	metastatic cancer and high pretreatment LDH
Qian, 2009 [135]	44	M	primary retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma	chemotherapy: cisplatin 30 mg/m2 intravenously on days 1 through 4, doxorubicin 30 mg/m2 intravenously on days 1 and 3, dacarbazine 400 mg/m2 intravenously on days 1 through 3, full dose	3 days after initiation	N/A	drowsiness, chest tightness, palpitations, dyspnea, and oliguria	metastatic cancer and chemosensitivity
Yuan, 2017 [136]	43	M	GIST	targeted therapy: Imatinib 400mg, full dose	1 day after initiation	N/A	loss of consciousness	high tumor border and metastatic tumor
Lin, 2007 [137]	75	F	RCC	chemotherapy: gemcitabine monotherapy at a dosage of 1200 mg/m2 as a 30 minutes intravenous infusion, full dose	2 weeks after initiation	CKD	anorexia, fatigue, pedal edema, dyspnea, and anuria	metastatic cancer
Ling, 2012 [138]	40	M	pancreatic cancer	Chemotherapy: gemcitabine	2 days after initiation	N/A	nausea and vomiting	metastatic cancer
Sharma, 2006 [139]	63	M	HCC	chemotherapy: TACE (fluorouracil 1gm, Cisplatin 80mg, mitomycin 20mg and lipiodol 10ml), full dose	1 day after initiation	hepatitis B	fever, nausea, and oliguria	metastatic cancer

Open in a new tab

The content published in Cureus is the result of clinical experience and/or research by independent individuals or organizations. Cureus is not responsible for the scientific accuracy or reliability of data or conclusions published herein. All content published within Cureus is intended only for educational, research and reference purposes. Additionally, articles published within Cureus should not be deemed a suitable substitute for the advice of a qualified health care professional. Do not disregard or avoid professional medical advice due to content published within Cureus.

Footnotes

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

References

1.Tumour lysis syndrome in solid tumours. Gemici C. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2006;18:773–780. doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2006.09.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
2.Tumour lysis syndrome: a rare complication of trans-arterial chemo-embolisation with doxorubicin beads for hepatocellular carcinoma. Katiman D, Manikam J, Goh KL, Abdullah BJ, Mahadeva S. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2012;43 Suppl 1:0–90. doi: 10.1007/s12029-012-9373-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
3.Spontaneous tumour lysis syndrome. Kekre N, Djordjevic B, Touchie C. CMAJ. 2012;184:913–916. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.111251. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
4.Tumor lysis syndrome and malignant melanoma. Mouallem M, Zemer-Wassercug N, Kugler E, Sahar N, Shapira-Frommer R, Schiby G. Med Oncol. 2013;30:364. doi: 10.1007/s12032-012-0364-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
5.From skin to spontaneous lysis: a case of spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in metastatic melanoma. Durham CG, Herrington J, Seago S, Williams C, Holguin MH. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2018;24:221–225. doi: 10.1177/1078155217693425. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
6.Severe spontaneous acute tumor lysis syndrome and hypoglycemia in patient with germ cell tumor. D'Alessandro V, Greco A, Clemente C, et al. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21388073/ Tumori. 2010;96:1040–1043. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
7.Tumor lysis syndrome in nonhematologic malignancies. Report of a case and review of the literature. Drakos P, Bar-Ziv J, Catane R. Am J Clin Oncol. 1994;17:502–505. doi: 10.1097/00000421-199412000-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
8.Acute tumor lysis syndrome with metastatic medulloblastoma: a case report. Tomlinson GC, Solberg LA Jr. Cancer. 1984;53:1783–1785. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19840415)53:8<1783::aid-cncr2820530829>3.0.co;2-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
9.Fatal tumor lysis syndrome and gastric hemorrhage associated with metastatic small-cell lung carcinoma. Marinella MA. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1999;32:464–465. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1096-911x(199906)32:6<464::aid-mpo19>3.0.co;2-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
10.Acute tumor lysis syndrome associated with concurrent biochemotherapy of metastatic melanoma: a case report and review of the literature. Castro MP, VanAuken J, Spencer-Cisek P, Legha S, Sponzo RW. Cancer. 1999;85:1055–1059. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
11.Tumor lysis syndrome after capecitabine plus cisplatin treatment in advanced gastric cancer. Han HS, Park SR, Kim SY, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1006–1008. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2007.14.7231. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
12.Tumor lysis syndrome after radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Lehner SG, Gould JE, Saad WE, Brown DB. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;185:1307–1309. doi: 10.2214/AJR.04.1265. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
13.Spontaneous recurrent tumor lysis syndrome in breast cancer. Sklarin NT, Markham M. Am J Clin Oncol. 1995;18:71–73. doi: 10.1097/00000421-199502000-00015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
14.Tumour lysis syndrome induced by corticosteroid in metastatic melanoma presenting with initial hyperkalemia. Borne E, Serafi R, Piette F, Mortier L. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23:855–856. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.03058.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
15.Tumor lysis syndrome after transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma: case reports and literature review. Hsieh PM, Hung KC, Chen YS. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:4726–4728. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.4726. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
16.Tumour lysis syndrome: new therapeutic strategies and classification. Cairo MS, Bishop M. Br J Haematol. 2004;127:3–11. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05094.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
17.Spontaneous tumour lysis syndrome in cervical cancer. Kim YK, Ham JY, Lee WK, Song KE. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;37:679–680. doi: 10.1080/01443615.2017.1299700. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
18.Pazopanib-related tumor lysis syndrome in metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a case report. van Kalleveen MW, Walraven M, Hendriks MP. Invest New Drugs. 2018;36:513–516. doi: 10.1007/s10637-018-0576-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
19.Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, et al. Syst Rev. 2015;4:1. doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-4-1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
20.Guidelines for submitting adverse event reports for publication. Kelly WN, Arellano FM, Barnes J, et al. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16:581–587. doi: 10.1002/pds.1399. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
21.Tumor lysis syndrome in solid tumors: an up to date review of the literature. Mirrakhimov AE, Ali AM, Khan M, Barbaryan A. Rare Tumors. 2014;6:5389. doi: 10.4081/rt.2014.5389. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
22.Tumor lysis syndrome in solid tumors: a comprehensive literature review, new insights, and novel strategies to improve outcomes. Findakly D, Luther RD 3rd, Wang J. Cureus. 2020;12:0. doi: 10.7759/cureus.8355. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
23.Tumor lysis syndrome in small cell lung cancer: a case report and review of the literature. Jallad B, Hamdi T, Latta S, Alhosaini MN, Kheir F, Iroegbu N. Onkologie. 2011;34:129–131. doi: 10.1159/000324791. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
24.An unusual presentation of tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma: case report and literature review. Vodopivec DM, Rubio JE, Fornoni A, Lenz O. Case Rep Med. 2012;2012:468452. doi: 10.1155/2012/468452. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
25.Acute tumor lysis syndrome in solid tumors--a case report and review of the literature. Baeksgaard L, Sørensen JB. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2003;51:187–192. doi: 10.1007/s00280-002-0556-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
26.Rational use of rasburicase for the treatment and management of tumor lysis syndrome. Shaikh SA, Marini BL, Hough SM, Perissinotti AJ. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2018;24:176–184. doi: 10.1177/1078155216687152. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
27.Prevention and treatment of tumor lysis syndrome in the era of onco-nephrology progress. Matuszkiewicz-Rowinska J, Malyszko J. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2020;45:645–660. doi: 10.1159/000509934. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
28.Tumor lysis syndrome in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: identification of risk factors and development of a predictive model. Montesinos P, Lorenzo I, Martín G, et al. Haematologica. 2008;93:67–74. doi: 10.3324/haematol.11575. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
29.In-hospital outcomes of tumor lysis syndrome: a population-based study using the national inpatient sample. Durani U, Shah ND, Go RS. Oncologist. 2017;22:1506–1509. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0147. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
30.Prognostic significance of acute renal injury in acute tumor lysis syndrome. Darmon M, Guichard I, Vincent F, Schlemmer B, Azoulay E. Leuk Lymphoma. 2010;51:221–227. doi: 10.3109/10428190903456959. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
31.The tumor lysis syndrome. Howard SC, Jones DP, Pui CH. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1844–1854. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0904569. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
32.Oncological emergencies in chemotherapy: febrile neutropenia, tumor lysis syndrome, and extravasation (Article in German) von Amsberg G. Urologe A. 2018;57:552–557. doi: 10.1007/s00120-018-0607-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
33.Adeyinka A, Bashir K. StatPearls [Internet] Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. Tumor lysis syndrome. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
34.Diagnosis and management of tumor lysis syndrome. Puri I, Sharma D, Gunturu KS, Ahmed AA. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2020;10:269–272. doi: 10.1080/20009666.2020.1761185. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
35.Tumor lysis syndrome in metastatic breast cancer after a single dose of paclitaxel. Vaidya GN, Acevedo R. Am J Emerg Med. 2015;33:308–302. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2014.07.039. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
36.Tumor lysis syndrome in metastatic colon cancer following treatment with regorafenib. Farooqi B, Simmons J, Hao Z. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2015;46:314–316. doi: 10.1007/s12029-015-9711-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
37.Bulky solid tumors in elderly adults: beware of spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome. Gbaguidi X, Goodrich L, Roca F, Suel P, Chassagne P. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016;64:235–237. doi: 10.1111/jgs.13901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
38.Tumor lysis syndrome after combination chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. Bilgrami SF, Fallon BG. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1993;21:521–524. doi: 10.1002/mpo.2950210712. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
39.Tumour lysis syndrome in a patient with intravascular spread from a recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer. Camarata M, Davies R, Copley S, Blagden S. BMJ Case Rep. 2013;2013 doi: 10.1136/bcr-2013-009532. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
40.Fatal tumor lysis syndrome during radiotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer. Noh GY, Choe DH, Kim CH, Lee JC. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:6005–6006. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2008.19.4308. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
41.Acute tumor lysis syndrome with choriocarcinoma. Blanke CD, Hemmer MP, Witte RS. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11005356. South Med J. 2000;93:916–919. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
42.Acute tumor lysis syndrome after transarterial chemoembolization for well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma with neuroendocrine features. Wang K, Chen Z. Onkologie. 2010;33:532–535. doi: 10.1159/000319695. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
43.Rare incidence of tumor lysis syndrome in metastatic prostate cancer following treatment with docetaxel. Bhardwaj S, Varma S. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2018;24:153–155. doi: 10.1177/1078155217694492. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
44.Tumor lysis syndrome after treatment with docetaxel for non-small-cell lung cancer. Ajzensztejn D, Hegde VS, Lee SM. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2389–2391. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.02.8753. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
45.Patients with malignancy requiring urgent therapy: CASE 3. Tumor lysis syndrome associated with chemotherapy in ovarian cancer. Chan JK, Lin SS, McMeekin DS, Berman ML. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:6794–6795. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.08.115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
46.Tumor lysis syndrome following trastuzumab and pertuzumab for metastatic breast cancer: a case report. Baudon C, Duhoux FP, Sinapi I, Canon JL. J Med Case Rep. 2016;10:178. doi: 10.1186/s13256-016-0969-5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
47.Tumor lysis syndrome in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. Beriwal S, Singh S, Garcia-Young JA. Am J Clin Oncol. 2002;25:474–475. doi: 10.1097/00000421-200210000-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
48.Tumor lysis syndrome associated with carboplatin and paclitaxel in a woman with recurrent endometrial cancer. Godoy H, Kesterson JP, Lele S. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2010;109:254. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.02.005. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
49.tumor lysis syndrome after platinum-based chemotherapy in castration-resistant prostate cancer with a BRCA2 mutation: a case report. Gongora AB, Canedo FS, de Melo AL, Bezerra RO, Asprino PF, Camargo AA, Bastos DA. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2019;17:0–4. doi: 10.1016/j.clgc.2018.09.001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
50.Adoptive chemoimmunotherapy using ex vivo activated memory T-cells and cyclophosphamide: tumor lysis syndrome of a metastatic soft tissue sarcoma. Gold JE, Malamud SC, LaRosa F, Osband ME. Am J Hematol. 1993;44:42–47. doi: 10.1002/ajh.2830440109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
51.A case report of glomerulopathy-associated podocytic infolding in a patient with tumor lysis syndrome. Yoshimura K, Joh K, Kitamura H, Takahashi Y, Yokote S, Kasai K, Hosoya T. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2008;12:522–526. doi: 10.1007/s10157-008-0099-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
52.Tumor lysis syndrome in limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. Boikos SA, Forde PM, Chatterjee S, Hann CL. J Thorac Oncol. 2013;8:0–2. doi: 10.1097/JTO.0b013e318286bb3b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
53.Tumor lysis syndrome presenting in a patient with metastatic melanoma treated with radiation therapy. Dar L, Gendelman O, Amital H. https://www.ima.org.il/MedicineIMAJ/viewarticle.aspx?year=2014&month=07&page=456. Isr Med Assoc J. 2014;16:456–457. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
54.Spontaneous acute tumor lysis syndrome with advanced gastric cancer. Woo IS, Kim JS, Park MJ, et al. J Korean Med Sci. 2001;16:115–118. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2001.16.1.115. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
55.Tumor lysis syndrome after induction chemotherapy of small-cell bronchogenic carcinoma. Vogelzang NJ, Nelimark RA, Nath KA. JAMA. 1983;249:513–514. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
56.Tumor lysis syndrome associated with weekly paclitaxel treatment in a case with ovarian cancer. Yahata T, Nishikawa N, Aoki Y, Tanaka K. Gynecol Oncol. 2006;103:752–754. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.06.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
57.Rasburicase for huge hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor lysis syndrome: case report. Chao CT, Chiang CK. Med Princ Pract. 2012;21:498–500. doi: 10.1159/000339083. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
58.The tumor lysis syndrome. Baumann MA, Frick JC, Holoye PY. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6306288. JAMA. 1983;250:615. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
59.All that glitters: sorafenib. Abbass K, Dewani S, Markert R, Kaplon MK, Baumann MA. Intern Med. 2011;50:797. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.50.4858. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
60.Rasburicase for tumor lysis syndrome. Vishwanathan S, Arumugarajah A, Ortega LM, Bousamra A. Am J Ther. 2019;26:0–21. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000000462. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
61.Tumour lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic melanoma treated with biochemotherapy. Stoves J, Richardson D, Patel H. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:188–189. doi: 10.1093/ndt/16.1.188. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
62.Tumor lysis syndrome after transarterial chemoembolization plus portal venous embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Tsai WL, Liang PC, Chen CH. J Formos Med Assoc. 2012;111:724–725. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2011.12.009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
63.A case of tumor lysis syndrome following chemotherapy for a uterine epithelioid leiomyosarcoma with focal rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation. Hiraizumi Y, Kamoi S, Inde Y, Kurose K, Ohaki Y, Takeshita T. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2011;37:947–952. doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01454.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
64.Fatal tumor lysis syndrome after irinotecan/5-FU/folinic acid/bevacizumab-containing therapy in a patient heavily pretreated for metastatic colon cancer. Hentrich M, Schiel X, Scheidt B, Reitmeier M, Hoffmann U, Lutz L. Acta Oncol. 2008;47:155–156. doi: 10.1080/02841860701460533. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
65.Tumor lysis syndrome after induction chemotherapy in small-cell lung carcinoma. Hussein AM, Feun LG. Am J Clin Oncol. 1990;13:10–13. doi: 10.1097/00000421-199002000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
66.Acute tumor lysis syndrome after transcatheter chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Burney IA. South Med J. 1998;91:467–470. doi: 10.1097/00007611-199805000-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
67.Hypersensitivity and tumor lysis syndrome associated with cetuximab treatment: should we be afraid? Cihan S, Atasoy A, Yildirim Y, Babacan NA, Kos TF. Tumori. 2015;101:0–5. doi: 10.5301/tj.5000246. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
68.Spontaneous tumour lysis syndrome in hepatocellular carcinoma presenting with hypocalcemic tetany: an unusual case and systematic literature review. Agarwala R, Batta A, Suryadevera V, Kumar V, Sharma V, Rana SS. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2017;41:0–31. doi: 10.1016/j.clinre.2016.09.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
69.Tumor lysis syndrome in an extraskeletal osteosarcoma: a case report and review of the literature. Catania VE, Vecchio M, Malaguarnera M, Madeddu R, Malaguarnera G, Latteri S. J Med Case Rep. 2017;11:79. doi: 10.1186/s13256-017-1241-3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
70.Treatment-naïve spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma: an unusual suspect. Ignaszewski M, Kohlitz P. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35:1384–1382. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.05.044. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
71.A rare seizure: tumor lysis syndrome after radiation therapy of a solid tumor. Stuart S, Auten J. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35:941–944. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.01.023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
72.Tumor lysis syndrome: a serious complication of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Jiang RD, Jian WC, Jin N, Zhang ZL, Li T. Am J Med. 2016;129:0–6. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.04.019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
73.Tumor lysis syndrome in small cell lung cancer. Kallab AM, Jillella AP. Med Oncol. 2001;18:149–151. doi: 10.1385/MO:18:2:149. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
74.Tumor lysis syndrome during radiotherapy for prostate cancer with bone and bone marrow metastases without visceral metastasis. Kaplan MA, Kucukoner M, Alpagat G, Isikdogan A. Ann Saudi Med. 2012;32:306–308. doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2012.306-308. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
75.Acute tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with mixed small cell and non-small cell tumor. Sewani HH, Rabatin JT. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002;77:722–728. doi: 10.4065/77.7.722. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
76.Acute tumor lysis syndrome caused by transcatheter oily chemoembolization in a patient with a large hepatocellular carcinoma. Sakamoto N, Monzawa S, Nagano H, Nishizaki H, Arai Y, Sugimura K. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2007;30:508–511. doi: 10.1007/s00270-005-0240-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
77.Tumor lysis syndrome following trastuzumab for breast cancer: a case report and review of the literature. Taira F, Horimoto Y, Saito M. Breast Cancer. 2015;22:664–668. doi: 10.1007/s12282-013-0448-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
78.Tumor lysis syndrome following docetaxel therapy for extensive metastatic prostate cancer. Sorscher SM. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2004;54:191–192. doi: 10.1007/s00280-004-0827-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
79.Acute tumor lysis syndrome after transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Shiba H, Ishida Y, Wakiyama S, Sakamoto T, Misawa T, Yanaga K. Cancer Sci. 2008;99:2104–2105. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00958.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
80.Tumour lysis syndrome: an unexpected adverse event associated with ipilimumab. Masson Regnault M, Ofaiche J, Boulinguez S, et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31:0–4. doi: 10.1111/jdv.13733. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
81.Tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic, androgen independent prostate cancer. Wright JL, Lin DW, Dewan P, Montgomery RB. Int J Urol. 2005;12:1012–1013. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2005.01196.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
82.64-year-old woman with general malaise and hypercalcemia. Weil EL, Richards LW, Salonen BR. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93:1144–1148. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.09.023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
83.Tumor lysis syndrome in anti-androgen-treated metastatic prostate cancer. Mazzoni S. Int Urol Nephrol. 2016;48:1837–1838. doi: 10.1007/s11255-016-1369-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
84.Cetuximab-related tumor lysis syndrome in metastatic colon carcinoma. Krishnan G, D'Silva K, Al-Janadi A. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:2406–2408. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2007.14.7603. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
85.Acute tumor lysis syndrome after thalidomide therapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Lee CC, Wu YH, Chung SH, Chen WJ. Oncologist. 2006;11:87–88. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.11-1-87. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
86.A tumour lysis syndrome in a chemotherapy naïve patient with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Saleh RR, Rodrigues J, Lee TC. BMJ Case Rep. 2015;2015 doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-207748. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
87.Flare and tumor lysis syndrome with atypical features after letrozole therapy in advanced breast cancer. A case report. [ Jun; 2020 ];Zigrossi P, Brustia M, Bobbio F, Campanini M. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11688358/ Ann Ital Med Int. 2001 16:112–117. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
88.Tumor lysis syndrome in small cell carcinoma and other solid tumors. Kalemkerian GP, Darwish B, Varterasian ML. Am J Med. 1997;103:363–367. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(97)00153-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
89.Tumor lysis syndrome after hydrocortisone treatment in metastatic melanoma: a case report and review of the literature. Habib GS, Saliba WR. Am J Med Sci. 2002;323:155–157. doi: 10.1097/00000441-200203000-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
90.Fatal acute tumor lysis syndrome with metastatic breast carcinoma. Stark ME, Dyer MC, Coonley CJ. Cancer. 1987;60:762–764. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19870815)60:4<762::aid-cncr2820600409>3.0.co;2-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
91.Tumor lysis syndrome and metastatic melanoma. Meeks MW, Hammami MB, Robbins KJ, Cheng KL, Lionberger JM. Med Oncol. 2016;33:134. doi: 10.1007/s12032-016-0854-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
92.Diffuse melanosis after chemotherapy-induced tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic melanoma. Busam KJ, Wolchok J, Jungbluth AA, Chapman P. J Cutan Pathol. 2004;31:274–280. doi: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2003.00154.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
93.Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. Mehrzad R, Saito H, Krahn Z, Feinstein A. Med Princ Pract. 2014;23:574–576. doi: 10.1159/000360362. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
94.Sunitinib inducing tumor lysis syndrome in a patient treated for renal carcinoma. Michels J, Lassau N, Gross-Goupil M, Massard C, Mejean A, Escudier B. Invest New Drugs. 2010;28:690–693. doi: 10.1007/s10637-009-9275-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
95.Tumor lysis syndrome after transcatheter arterial infusion of cisplatin and embolization therapy for liver metastases of melanoma. Nakamura Y, Nakamura Y, Hori E, et al. Int J Dermatol. 2009;48:763–767. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04087.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
96.Management of tumour lysis syndrome during first-line palliative chemotherapy for high-volume colorectal cancer. Gouveia HS, Lopes SO, Faria AL. BMJ Case Rep. 2018;2018 doi: 10.1136/bcr-2017-223474. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
97.Sorafenib induced tumor lysis syndrome in an advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patient. Huang WS, Yang CH. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:4464–4466. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.4464. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
98.Fatal spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic, androgen-independent prostate cancer. Lin CJ, Hsieh RK, Lim KH, Chen HH, Cheng YC, Wu CJ. South Med J. 2007;100:916–917. doi: 10.1097/SMJ.0b013e318137a665. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
99.Tumour lysis syndrome in a patient with renal-cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib malate. Nicholaou T, Wong R, Davis ID. Lancet. 2007;369:1923–1924. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60903-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
100.Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in renal cell carcinoma: a case report. Norberg SM, Oros M, Birkenbach M, Bilusic M. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2014;12:0–7. doi: 10.1016/j.clgc.2014.04.007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
101.Rapid tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic colon cancer as a complication of treatment with 5-fluorouracil/leucoverin and irinotecan. Oztop I, Demirkan B, Yaren A, et al. Tumori. 2004;90:514–516. doi: 10.1177/030089160409000515. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
102.Tumour lysis syndrome following eribulin for metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma. Pabon C, Esnakula AK, Daily K. BMJ Case Rep. 2018;11 doi: 10.1136/bcr-2018-224576. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
103.Intraoperative tumor lysis syndrome in a giant teratoma: a case report. Pindak D, Rejlekova K, Tomas M, Aziri R, Rovenska E, Puskacova J, Mego M. BMC Surg. 2019;19:62. doi: 10.1186/s12893-019-0526-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
104.Tumor lysis syndrome following hemi-body irradiation for metastatic breast cancer. Rostom AY, El-Hussainy G, Kandil A, Allam A. Ann Oncol. 2000;11:1349–1351. doi: 10.1023/a:1008347226743. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
105.Widely metastatic IDH1-mutant glioblastoma with oligodendroglial features and atypical molecular findings: a case report and review of current challenges in molecular diagnostics. Romo CG, Palsgrove DN, Sivakumar A, et al. Diagn Pathol. 2019;14:16. doi: 10.1186/s13000-019-0793-5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
106.Tumor lysis syndrome due to targeting of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Okay M, Çetik S, Haznedaroğlu İC. Turk J Haematol. 2019;36:218–219. doi: 10.4274/tjh.galenos.2019.2019.0113. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
107.Spontaneous tumour lysis syndrome in small cell lung cancer: a rare phenomenon. Dhakal P, Rai MP, Thrasher M, Sharma M. BMJ Case Rep. 2018;2018 doi: 10.1136/bcr-2018-224512. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
108.Tumor lysis syndrome after sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report. [ Jun; 2020 ];Shiozawa K, Watanabe M, Takenaka H, Nagai H, Ishii K, Sakai K, Sumino Y. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21033210/ Hepatogastroenterology. 2010 57:688–690. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
109.Tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic merkel cell carcinoma. Dirix LY, Prove A, Becquart D, Wouters E, Vermeulen P, van Oosterom A. Cancer. 1991;67:2207–2210. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19910415)67:8<2207::aid-cncr2820670834>3.0.co;2-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
110.Acute tumor lysis syndrome with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Shamseddine AI, Khalil AM, Wehbeh MH. Gynecol Oncol. 1993;51:258–260. doi: 10.1006/gyno.1993.1283. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
111.Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in metastatic melanoma. Song M, Chan CC, Stoeckel DA. https://www.wjon.org/index.php/wjon/article/view/347/274. World J Oncol. 2011;2:204–207. doi: 10.4021/wjon347w. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
112.A case of spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in malignant melanoma. Takeuchi N, Miyazawa S, Ohno Z, Yoshida S, Tsukamoto T, Fujiwara M. World J Oncol. 2016;7:40–44. doi: 10.14740/wjon970w. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
113.Tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic colon cancer after treatment with 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin and oxaliplatin: case report and literature review. Kim HD, Ha KS, Woo IS, Jung YH, Han CW, Kim TJ. Cancer Res Treat. 2014;46:204–207. doi: 10.4143/crt.2014.46.2.204. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
114.Tumour lysis syndrome: a rare acute presentation of locally advanced testicular cancer - case report and review of literature. Chow M, Yuwono A, Tan R. Asian J Urol. 2016;3:49–52. doi: 10.1016/j.ajur.2015.09.005. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
115.Tumor lysis syndrome after tamoxifen flare. Cech P, Block JB, Cone LA, Stone R. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:263–264. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198607243150417. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
116.Acute spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in adenocarcinoma of the lung: a case report. Feld J, Mehta H, Burkes RL. Am J Clin Oncol. 2000;23:491–493. doi: 10.1097/00000421-200010000-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
117.Rapid tumour lysis syndrome in a metastatic colorectal cancer increased by treatment with irinotecan (CPT-11) Boisseau M, Bugat R, Mahjoubi M. Eur J Cancer. 1996;32:737–738. doi: 10.1016/0959-8049(95)00654-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
118.Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome due to uterine leiomyosarcoma with lung metastases. Alaigh V, Datta D. Case Rep Crit Care. 2017;2017:4141287. doi: 10.1155/2017/4141287. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
119.Tumour lysis syndrome occurring in a patient with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumour treated with glivec (Imatinib Mesylate, Gleevec, STI571) Pinder EM, Atwal GS, Ayantunde AA, Khan S, Sokal M, McCulloch T, Parsons SL. Sarcoma. 2007;2007:82012. doi: 10.1155/2007/82012. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
120.Acute tumor lysis syndrome triggered by zoledronic Acid in a patient with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. Kurt M, Onal IK, Elkiran T, Altun B, Altundag K, Gullu I. Med Oncol. 2005;22:203–206. doi: 10.1385/MO:22:2:203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
121.A case of metastatic testicular cancer complicated by tumour lysis syndrome and choriocarcinoma syndrome. Kawai K, Takaoka E, Naoi M, Mori K, Minami M, Shimazui T, Akaza H. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2006;36:665–667. doi: 10.1093/jjco/hyl078. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
122.Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in solid tumors: really a rare condition? Vaisban E, Braester A, Mosenzon O, Kolin M, Horn Y. Am J Med Sci. 2003;325:38–40. doi: 10.1097/00000441-200301000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
123.A case of spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with ovarian cancer. Okamoto K, Kinoshita T, Shimizu M, Okura I, Kawada A, Mizobuchi K, Ando M. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2015;2015:461870. doi: 10.1155/2015/461870. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
124.Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic prostate cancer. Serling-Boyd N, Quandt Z, Allaudeen N. Mol Clin Oncol. 2017;6:589–592. doi: 10.3892/mco.2017.1186. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
125.Tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic colon cancer after treatment with oxaliplatin and 5-Fu. Tseng RH, Wu CH, Wu KL, Lai GM, Lin JT. J Cancer Res Pract. 2016;3:124–127. [Google Scholar]
126.Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with newly diagnosed metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma. Berringer R. CJEM. 2018;20:0–3. doi: 10.1017/cem.2017.378. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
127.Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in colon cancer: a case report and literature review. Sommerhalder D, Takalkar AM, Shackelford R, Peddi P. Clin Case Rep. 2017;5:2121–2126. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.1269. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
128.Acute spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Shenoy C. QJM. 2009;102:71–73. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcn129. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
129.Tumor lysis syndrome in a solid tumor: a case report of a patient with invasive thymoma. Lee JY, Lim SH, Lee JY, et al. Cancer Res Treat. 2013;45:343–348. doi: 10.4143/crt.2013.45.4.343. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
130.Fatal acute tumor lysis syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy and flare phenomenon following combined androgen blockade. Tanvetyanon T, Choudhury AM. J Urol. 2004;171:1627. doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000115884.21275.f4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
131.Acute tumor lysis syndrome associated with paclitaxel. Ustündağ Y, Boyacioğlu S, Haznedaroğlu IC, Baltali E. Ann Pharmacother. 1997;31:1548–1549. doi: 10.1177/106002809703101221. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
132.Maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma presenting with fatal tumor lysis syndrome: a case report and review of the literature. Abboud M, Shamseddine A. Case Rep Oncol. 2009;2:229–233. doi: 10.1159/000260525. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
133.Tumor lysis syndrome in nonhematopoietic neoplasms. Barton J. C. Cancer. 1989;64:738–740. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19890801)64:3<738::aid-cncr2820640328>3.0.co;2-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
134.Tumor lysis syndrome in solid tumors. Mott FE, Esana A, Chakmakjian C, Herrington JD. Support Cancer Ther. 2005;2:188–191. doi: 10.3816/SCT.2005.n.012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
135.Tumor lysis syndrome associated with chemotherapy in primary retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma by ex vivo ATP-based tumor chemo-sensitivity assay (ATP-TCA) Qian KQ, Ye H, Xiao YW, Bao YY, Qi CJ. Int J Gen Med. 2009;2:1–4. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
136.Tumor lysis syndrome in gastrointestinal stromal tumor treated with the oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib: a case report. Jeng-Nian Y, Anna Fen-Yau L, Chih-Yen C. J Gastroenterol Res. 2017;1 [Google Scholar]
137.Tumor lysis syndrome after treatment with gemcitabine for metastatic transitional cell carcinoma. Lin CJ, Lim KH, Cheng YC, Chen HH, Wu CJ. Med Oncol. 2007;24:455–457. doi: 10.1007/s12032-007-0014-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
138.Unprecedented case of tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Ling W, Sachdeva P, Wong AS, Lee SC, Zee YK. Pancreas. 2012;41:659–661. doi: 10.1097/MPA.0b013e3182327a16. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
139.Acute tumor lysis syndrome after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma. Sharma D, Ren Z, Xia J, Ye S. Eur J Radiol Extra. 2006;58:49–51. [Google Scholar]

[REF1] 1.Tumour lysis syndrome in solid tumours. Gemici C. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2006;18:773–780. doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2006.09.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF2] 2.Tumour lysis syndrome: a rare complication of trans-arterial chemo-embolisation with doxorubicin beads for hepatocellular carcinoma. Katiman D, Manikam J, Goh KL, Abdullah BJ, Mahadeva S. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2012;43 Suppl 1:0–90. doi: 10.1007/s12029-012-9373-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF3] 3.Spontaneous tumour lysis syndrome. Kekre N, Djordjevic B, Touchie C. CMAJ. 2012;184:913–916. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.111251. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF4] 4.Tumor lysis syndrome and malignant melanoma. Mouallem M, Zemer-Wassercug N, Kugler E, Sahar N, Shapira-Frommer R, Schiby G. Med Oncol. 2013;30:364. doi: 10.1007/s12032-012-0364-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF5] 5.From skin to spontaneous lysis: a case of spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in metastatic melanoma. Durham CG, Herrington J, Seago S, Williams C, Holguin MH. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2018;24:221–225. doi: 10.1177/1078155217693425. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF6] 6.Severe spontaneous acute tumor lysis syndrome and hypoglycemia in patient with germ cell tumor. D'Alessandro V, Greco A, Clemente C, et al. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21388073/ Tumori. 2010;96:1040–1043. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF7] 7.Tumor lysis syndrome in nonhematologic malignancies. Report of a case and review of the literature. Drakos P, Bar-Ziv J, Catane R. Am J Clin Oncol. 1994;17:502–505. doi: 10.1097/00000421-199412000-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF8] 8.Acute tumor lysis syndrome with metastatic medulloblastoma: a case report. Tomlinson GC, Solberg LA Jr. Cancer. 1984;53:1783–1785. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19840415)53:8<1783::aid-cncr2820530829>3.0.co;2-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF9] 9.Fatal tumor lysis syndrome and gastric hemorrhage associated with metastatic small-cell lung carcinoma. Marinella MA. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1999;32:464–465. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1096-911x(199906)32:6<464::aid-mpo19>3.0.co;2-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF10] 10.Acute tumor lysis syndrome associated with concurrent biochemotherapy of metastatic melanoma: a case report and review of the literature. Castro MP, VanAuken J, Spencer-Cisek P, Legha S, Sponzo RW. Cancer. 1999;85:1055–1059. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF11] 11.Tumor lysis syndrome after capecitabine plus cisplatin treatment in advanced gastric cancer. Han HS, Park SR, Kim SY, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1006–1008. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2007.14.7231. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF12] 12.Tumor lysis syndrome after radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Lehner SG, Gould JE, Saad WE, Brown DB. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;185:1307–1309. doi: 10.2214/AJR.04.1265. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF13] 13.Spontaneous recurrent tumor lysis syndrome in breast cancer. Sklarin NT, Markham M. Am J Clin Oncol. 1995;18:71–73. doi: 10.1097/00000421-199502000-00015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF14] 14.Tumour lysis syndrome induced by corticosteroid in metastatic melanoma presenting with initial hyperkalemia. Borne E, Serafi R, Piette F, Mortier L. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23:855–856. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.03058.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF15] 15.Tumor lysis syndrome after transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma: case reports and literature review. Hsieh PM, Hung KC, Chen YS. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:4726–4728. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.4726. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF16] 16.Tumour lysis syndrome: new therapeutic strategies and classification. Cairo MS, Bishop M. Br J Haematol. 2004;127:3–11. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05094.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF17] 17.Spontaneous tumour lysis syndrome in cervical cancer. Kim YK, Ham JY, Lee WK, Song KE. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;37:679–680. doi: 10.1080/01443615.2017.1299700. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF18] 18.Pazopanib-related tumor lysis syndrome in metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a case report. van Kalleveen MW, Walraven M, Hendriks MP. Invest New Drugs. 2018;36:513–516. doi: 10.1007/s10637-018-0576-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF19] 19.Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, et al. Syst Rev. 2015;4:1. doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-4-1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF20] 20.Guidelines for submitting adverse event reports for publication. Kelly WN, Arellano FM, Barnes J, et al. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16:581–587. doi: 10.1002/pds.1399. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF21] 21.Tumor lysis syndrome in solid tumors: an up to date review of the literature. Mirrakhimov AE, Ali AM, Khan M, Barbaryan A. Rare Tumors. 2014;6:5389. doi: 10.4081/rt.2014.5389. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF22] 22.Tumor lysis syndrome in solid tumors: a comprehensive literature review, new insights, and novel strategies to improve outcomes. Findakly D, Luther RD 3rd, Wang J. Cureus. 2020;12:0. doi: 10.7759/cureus.8355. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF23] 23.Tumor lysis syndrome in small cell lung cancer: a case report and review of the literature. Jallad B, Hamdi T, Latta S, Alhosaini MN, Kheir F, Iroegbu N. Onkologie. 2011;34:129–131. doi: 10.1159/000324791. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF24] 24.An unusual presentation of tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma: case report and literature review. Vodopivec DM, Rubio JE, Fornoni A, Lenz O. Case Rep Med. 2012;2012:468452. doi: 10.1155/2012/468452. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF25] 25.Acute tumor lysis syndrome in solid tumors--a case report and review of the literature. Baeksgaard L, Sørensen JB. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2003;51:187–192. doi: 10.1007/s00280-002-0556-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF26] 26.Rational use of rasburicase for the treatment and management of tumor lysis syndrome. Shaikh SA, Marini BL, Hough SM, Perissinotti AJ. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2018;24:176–184. doi: 10.1177/1078155216687152. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF27] 27.Prevention and treatment of tumor lysis syndrome in the era of onco-nephrology progress. Matuszkiewicz-Rowinska J, Malyszko J. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2020;45:645–660. doi: 10.1159/000509934. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF28] 28.Tumor lysis syndrome in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: identification of risk factors and development of a predictive model. Montesinos P, Lorenzo I, Martín G, et al. Haematologica. 2008;93:67–74. doi: 10.3324/haematol.11575. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF29] 29.In-hospital outcomes of tumor lysis syndrome: a population-based study using the national inpatient sample. Durani U, Shah ND, Go RS. Oncologist. 2017;22:1506–1509. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0147. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF30] 30.Prognostic significance of acute renal injury in acute tumor lysis syndrome. Darmon M, Guichard I, Vincent F, Schlemmer B, Azoulay E. Leuk Lymphoma. 2010;51:221–227. doi: 10.3109/10428190903456959. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF31] 31.The tumor lysis syndrome. Howard SC, Jones DP, Pui CH. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1844–1854. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0904569. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF32] 32.Oncological emergencies in chemotherapy: febrile neutropenia, tumor lysis syndrome, and extravasation (Article in German) von Amsberg G. Urologe A. 2018;57:552–557. doi: 10.1007/s00120-018-0607-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF33] 33.Adeyinka A, Bashir K. StatPearls [Internet] Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. Tumor lysis syndrome. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF34] 34.Diagnosis and management of tumor lysis syndrome. Puri I, Sharma D, Gunturu KS, Ahmed AA. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2020;10:269–272. doi: 10.1080/20009666.2020.1761185. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF35] 35.Tumor lysis syndrome in metastatic breast cancer after a single dose of paclitaxel. Vaidya GN, Acevedo R. Am J Emerg Med. 2015;33:308–302. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2014.07.039. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF36] 36.Tumor lysis syndrome in metastatic colon cancer following treatment with regorafenib. Farooqi B, Simmons J, Hao Z. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2015;46:314–316. doi: 10.1007/s12029-015-9711-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF37] 37.Bulky solid tumors in elderly adults: beware of spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome. Gbaguidi X, Goodrich L, Roca F, Suel P, Chassagne P. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016;64:235–237. doi: 10.1111/jgs.13901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF38] 38.Tumor lysis syndrome after combination chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. Bilgrami SF, Fallon BG. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1993;21:521–524. doi: 10.1002/mpo.2950210712. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF39] 39.Tumour lysis syndrome in a patient with intravascular spread from a recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer. Camarata M, Davies R, Copley S, Blagden S. BMJ Case Rep. 2013;2013 doi: 10.1136/bcr-2013-009532. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF40] 40.Fatal tumor lysis syndrome during radiotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer. Noh GY, Choe DH, Kim CH, Lee JC. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:6005–6006. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2008.19.4308. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF41] 41.Acute tumor lysis syndrome with choriocarcinoma. Blanke CD, Hemmer MP, Witte RS. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11005356. South Med J. 2000;93:916–919. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF42] 42.Acute tumor lysis syndrome after transarterial chemoembolization for well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma with neuroendocrine features. Wang K, Chen Z. Onkologie. 2010;33:532–535. doi: 10.1159/000319695. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF43] 43.Rare incidence of tumor lysis syndrome in metastatic prostate cancer following treatment with docetaxel. Bhardwaj S, Varma S. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2018;24:153–155. doi: 10.1177/1078155217694492. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF44] 44.Tumor lysis syndrome after treatment with docetaxel for non-small-cell lung cancer. Ajzensztejn D, Hegde VS, Lee SM. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2389–2391. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.02.8753. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF45] 45.Patients with malignancy requiring urgent therapy: CASE 3. Tumor lysis syndrome associated with chemotherapy in ovarian cancer. Chan JK, Lin SS, McMeekin DS, Berman ML. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:6794–6795. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.08.115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF46] 46.Tumor lysis syndrome following trastuzumab and pertuzumab for metastatic breast cancer: a case report. Baudon C, Duhoux FP, Sinapi I, Canon JL. J Med Case Rep. 2016;10:178. doi: 10.1186/s13256-016-0969-5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF47] 47.Tumor lysis syndrome in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. Beriwal S, Singh S, Garcia-Young JA. Am J Clin Oncol. 2002;25:474–475. doi: 10.1097/00000421-200210000-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF48] 48.Tumor lysis syndrome associated with carboplatin and paclitaxel in a woman with recurrent endometrial cancer. Godoy H, Kesterson JP, Lele S. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2010;109:254. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.02.005. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF49] 49.tumor lysis syndrome after platinum-based chemotherapy in castration-resistant prostate cancer with a BRCA2 mutation: a case report. Gongora AB, Canedo FS, de Melo AL, Bezerra RO, Asprino PF, Camargo AA, Bastos DA. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2019;17:0–4. doi: 10.1016/j.clgc.2018.09.001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF50] 50.Adoptive chemoimmunotherapy using ex vivo activated memory T-cells and cyclophosphamide: tumor lysis syndrome of a metastatic soft tissue sarcoma. Gold JE, Malamud SC, LaRosa F, Osband ME. Am J Hematol. 1993;44:42–47. doi: 10.1002/ajh.2830440109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF51] 51.A case report of glomerulopathy-associated podocytic infolding in a patient with tumor lysis syndrome. Yoshimura K, Joh K, Kitamura H, Takahashi Y, Yokote S, Kasai K, Hosoya T. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2008;12:522–526. doi: 10.1007/s10157-008-0099-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF52] 52.Tumor lysis syndrome in limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. Boikos SA, Forde PM, Chatterjee S, Hann CL. J Thorac Oncol. 2013;8:0–2. doi: 10.1097/JTO.0b013e318286bb3b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF53] 53.Tumor lysis syndrome presenting in a patient with metastatic melanoma treated with radiation therapy. Dar L, Gendelman O, Amital H. https://www.ima.org.il/MedicineIMAJ/viewarticle.aspx?year=2014&month=07&page=456. Isr Med Assoc J. 2014;16:456–457. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF54] 54.Spontaneous acute tumor lysis syndrome with advanced gastric cancer. Woo IS, Kim JS, Park MJ, et al. J Korean Med Sci. 2001;16:115–118. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2001.16.1.115. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF55] 55.Tumor lysis syndrome after induction chemotherapy of small-cell bronchogenic carcinoma. Vogelzang NJ, Nelimark RA, Nath KA. JAMA. 1983;249:513–514. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF56] 56.Tumor lysis syndrome associated with weekly paclitaxel treatment in a case with ovarian cancer. Yahata T, Nishikawa N, Aoki Y, Tanaka K. Gynecol Oncol. 2006;103:752–754. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.06.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF57] 57.Rasburicase for huge hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor lysis syndrome: case report. Chao CT, Chiang CK. Med Princ Pract. 2012;21:498–500. doi: 10.1159/000339083. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF58] 58.The tumor lysis syndrome. Baumann MA, Frick JC, Holoye PY. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6306288. JAMA. 1983;250:615. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF59] 59.All that glitters: sorafenib. Abbass K, Dewani S, Markert R, Kaplon MK, Baumann MA. Intern Med. 2011;50:797. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.50.4858. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF60] 60.Rasburicase for tumor lysis syndrome. Vishwanathan S, Arumugarajah A, Ortega LM, Bousamra A. Am J Ther. 2019;26:0–21. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000000462. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF61] 61.Tumour lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic melanoma treated with biochemotherapy. Stoves J, Richardson D, Patel H. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:188–189. doi: 10.1093/ndt/16.1.188. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF62] 62.Tumor lysis syndrome after transarterial chemoembolization plus portal venous embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Tsai WL, Liang PC, Chen CH. J Formos Med Assoc. 2012;111:724–725. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2011.12.009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF63] 63.A case of tumor lysis syndrome following chemotherapy for a uterine epithelioid leiomyosarcoma with focal rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation. Hiraizumi Y, Kamoi S, Inde Y, Kurose K, Ohaki Y, Takeshita T. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2011;37:947–952. doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01454.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF64] 64.Fatal tumor lysis syndrome after irinotecan/5-FU/folinic acid/bevacizumab-containing therapy in a patient heavily pretreated for metastatic colon cancer. Hentrich M, Schiel X, Scheidt B, Reitmeier M, Hoffmann U, Lutz L. Acta Oncol. 2008;47:155–156. doi: 10.1080/02841860701460533. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF65] 65.Tumor lysis syndrome after induction chemotherapy in small-cell lung carcinoma. Hussein AM, Feun LG. Am J Clin Oncol. 1990;13:10–13. doi: 10.1097/00000421-199002000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF66] 66.Acute tumor lysis syndrome after transcatheter chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Burney IA. South Med J. 1998;91:467–470. doi: 10.1097/00007611-199805000-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF67] 67.Hypersensitivity and tumor lysis syndrome associated with cetuximab treatment: should we be afraid? Cihan S, Atasoy A, Yildirim Y, Babacan NA, Kos TF. Tumori. 2015;101:0–5. doi: 10.5301/tj.5000246. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF68] 68.Spontaneous tumour lysis syndrome in hepatocellular carcinoma presenting with hypocalcemic tetany: an unusual case and systematic literature review. Agarwala R, Batta A, Suryadevera V, Kumar V, Sharma V, Rana SS. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2017;41:0–31. doi: 10.1016/j.clinre.2016.09.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF69] 69.Tumor lysis syndrome in an extraskeletal osteosarcoma: a case report and review of the literature. Catania VE, Vecchio M, Malaguarnera M, Madeddu R, Malaguarnera G, Latteri S. J Med Case Rep. 2017;11:79. doi: 10.1186/s13256-017-1241-3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF70] 70.Treatment-naïve spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma: an unusual suspect. Ignaszewski M, Kohlitz P. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35:1384–1382. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.05.044. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF71] 71.A rare seizure: tumor lysis syndrome after radiation therapy of a solid tumor. Stuart S, Auten J. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35:941–944. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.01.023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF72] 72.Tumor lysis syndrome: a serious complication of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Jiang RD, Jian WC, Jin N, Zhang ZL, Li T. Am J Med. 2016;129:0–6. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.04.019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF73] 73.Tumor lysis syndrome in small cell lung cancer. Kallab AM, Jillella AP. Med Oncol. 2001;18:149–151. doi: 10.1385/MO:18:2:149. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF74] 74.Tumor lysis syndrome during radiotherapy for prostate cancer with bone and bone marrow metastases without visceral metastasis. Kaplan MA, Kucukoner M, Alpagat G, Isikdogan A. Ann Saudi Med. 2012;32:306–308. doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2012.306-308. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF75] 75.Acute tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with mixed small cell and non-small cell tumor. Sewani HH, Rabatin JT. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002;77:722–728. doi: 10.4065/77.7.722. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF76] 76.Acute tumor lysis syndrome caused by transcatheter oily chemoembolization in a patient with a large hepatocellular carcinoma. Sakamoto N, Monzawa S, Nagano H, Nishizaki H, Arai Y, Sugimura K. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2007;30:508–511. doi: 10.1007/s00270-005-0240-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF77] 77.Tumor lysis syndrome following trastuzumab for breast cancer: a case report and review of the literature. Taira F, Horimoto Y, Saito M. Breast Cancer. 2015;22:664–668. doi: 10.1007/s12282-013-0448-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF78] 78.Tumor lysis syndrome following docetaxel therapy for extensive metastatic prostate cancer. Sorscher SM. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2004;54:191–192. doi: 10.1007/s00280-004-0827-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF79] 79.Acute tumor lysis syndrome after transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Shiba H, Ishida Y, Wakiyama S, Sakamoto T, Misawa T, Yanaga K. Cancer Sci. 2008;99:2104–2105. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00958.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF80] 80.Tumour lysis syndrome: an unexpected adverse event associated with ipilimumab. Masson Regnault M, Ofaiche J, Boulinguez S, et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31:0–4. doi: 10.1111/jdv.13733. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF81] 81.Tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic, androgen independent prostate cancer. Wright JL, Lin DW, Dewan P, Montgomery RB. Int J Urol. 2005;12:1012–1013. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2005.01196.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF82] 82.64-year-old woman with general malaise and hypercalcemia. Weil EL, Richards LW, Salonen BR. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93:1144–1148. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.09.023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF83] 83.Tumor lysis syndrome in anti-androgen-treated metastatic prostate cancer. Mazzoni S. Int Urol Nephrol. 2016;48:1837–1838. doi: 10.1007/s11255-016-1369-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF84] 84.Cetuximab-related tumor lysis syndrome in metastatic colon carcinoma. Krishnan G, D'Silva K, Al-Janadi A. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:2406–2408. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2007.14.7603. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF85] 85.Acute tumor lysis syndrome after thalidomide therapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Lee CC, Wu YH, Chung SH, Chen WJ. Oncologist. 2006;11:87–88. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.11-1-87. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF86] 86.A tumour lysis syndrome in a chemotherapy naïve patient with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Saleh RR, Rodrigues J, Lee TC. BMJ Case Rep. 2015;2015 doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-207748. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF87] 87.Flare and tumor lysis syndrome with atypical features after letrozole therapy in advanced breast cancer. A case report. [ Jun; 2020 ];Zigrossi P, Brustia M, Bobbio F, Campanini M. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11688358/ Ann Ital Med Int. 2001 16:112–117. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF88] 88.Tumor lysis syndrome in small cell carcinoma and other solid tumors. Kalemkerian GP, Darwish B, Varterasian ML. Am J Med. 1997;103:363–367. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(97)00153-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF89] 89.Tumor lysis syndrome after hydrocortisone treatment in metastatic melanoma: a case report and review of the literature. Habib GS, Saliba WR. Am J Med Sci. 2002;323:155–157. doi: 10.1097/00000441-200203000-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF90] 90.Fatal acute tumor lysis syndrome with metastatic breast carcinoma. Stark ME, Dyer MC, Coonley CJ. Cancer. 1987;60:762–764. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19870815)60:4<762::aid-cncr2820600409>3.0.co;2-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF91] 91.Tumor lysis syndrome and metastatic melanoma. Meeks MW, Hammami MB, Robbins KJ, Cheng KL, Lionberger JM. Med Oncol. 2016;33:134. doi: 10.1007/s12032-016-0854-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF92] 92.Diffuse melanosis after chemotherapy-induced tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic melanoma. Busam KJ, Wolchok J, Jungbluth AA, Chapman P. J Cutan Pathol. 2004;31:274–280. doi: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2003.00154.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF93] 93.Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. Mehrzad R, Saito H, Krahn Z, Feinstein A. Med Princ Pract. 2014;23:574–576. doi: 10.1159/000360362. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF94] 94.Sunitinib inducing tumor lysis syndrome in a patient treated for renal carcinoma. Michels J, Lassau N, Gross-Goupil M, Massard C, Mejean A, Escudier B. Invest New Drugs. 2010;28:690–693. doi: 10.1007/s10637-009-9275-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF95] 95.Tumor lysis syndrome after transcatheter arterial infusion of cisplatin and embolization therapy for liver metastases of melanoma. Nakamura Y, Nakamura Y, Hori E, et al. Int J Dermatol. 2009;48:763–767. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04087.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF96] 96.Management of tumour lysis syndrome during first-line palliative chemotherapy for high-volume colorectal cancer. Gouveia HS, Lopes SO, Faria AL. BMJ Case Rep. 2018;2018 doi: 10.1136/bcr-2017-223474. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF97] 97.Sorafenib induced tumor lysis syndrome in an advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patient. Huang WS, Yang CH. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:4464–4466. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.4464. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF98] 98.Fatal spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic, androgen-independent prostate cancer. Lin CJ, Hsieh RK, Lim KH, Chen HH, Cheng YC, Wu CJ. South Med J. 2007;100:916–917. doi: 10.1097/SMJ.0b013e318137a665. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF99] 99.Tumour lysis syndrome in a patient with renal-cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib malate. Nicholaou T, Wong R, Davis ID. Lancet. 2007;369:1923–1924. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60903-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF100] 100.Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in renal cell carcinoma: a case report. Norberg SM, Oros M, Birkenbach M, Bilusic M. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2014;12:0–7. doi: 10.1016/j.clgc.2014.04.007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF101] 101.Rapid tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic colon cancer as a complication of treatment with 5-fluorouracil/leucoverin and irinotecan. Oztop I, Demirkan B, Yaren A, et al. Tumori. 2004;90:514–516. doi: 10.1177/030089160409000515. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF102] 102.Tumour lysis syndrome following eribulin for metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma. Pabon C, Esnakula AK, Daily K. BMJ Case Rep. 2018;11 doi: 10.1136/bcr-2018-224576. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF103] 103.Intraoperative tumor lysis syndrome in a giant teratoma: a case report. Pindak D, Rejlekova K, Tomas M, Aziri R, Rovenska E, Puskacova J, Mego M. BMC Surg. 2019;19:62. doi: 10.1186/s12893-019-0526-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF104] 104.Tumor lysis syndrome following hemi-body irradiation for metastatic breast cancer. Rostom AY, El-Hussainy G, Kandil A, Allam A. Ann Oncol. 2000;11:1349–1351. doi: 10.1023/a:1008347226743. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF105] 105.Widely metastatic IDH1-mutant glioblastoma with oligodendroglial features and atypical molecular findings: a case report and review of current challenges in molecular diagnostics. Romo CG, Palsgrove DN, Sivakumar A, et al. Diagn Pathol. 2019;14:16. doi: 10.1186/s13000-019-0793-5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF106] 106.Tumor lysis syndrome due to targeting of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Okay M, Çetik S, Haznedaroğlu İC. Turk J Haematol. 2019;36:218–219. doi: 10.4274/tjh.galenos.2019.2019.0113. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF107] 107.Spontaneous tumour lysis syndrome in small cell lung cancer: a rare phenomenon. Dhakal P, Rai MP, Thrasher M, Sharma M. BMJ Case Rep. 2018;2018 doi: 10.1136/bcr-2018-224512. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF108] 108.Tumor lysis syndrome after sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report. [ Jun; 2020 ];Shiozawa K, Watanabe M, Takenaka H, Nagai H, Ishii K, Sakai K, Sumino Y. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21033210/ Hepatogastroenterology. 2010 57:688–690. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF109] 109.Tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic merkel cell carcinoma. Dirix LY, Prove A, Becquart D, Wouters E, Vermeulen P, van Oosterom A. Cancer. 1991;67:2207–2210. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19910415)67:8<2207::aid-cncr2820670834>3.0.co;2-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF110] 110.Acute tumor lysis syndrome with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Shamseddine AI, Khalil AM, Wehbeh MH. Gynecol Oncol. 1993;51:258–260. doi: 10.1006/gyno.1993.1283. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF111] 111.Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in metastatic melanoma. Song M, Chan CC, Stoeckel DA. https://www.wjon.org/index.php/wjon/article/view/347/274. World J Oncol. 2011;2:204–207. doi: 10.4021/wjon347w. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF112] 112.A case of spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in malignant melanoma. Takeuchi N, Miyazawa S, Ohno Z, Yoshida S, Tsukamoto T, Fujiwara M. World J Oncol. 2016;7:40–44. doi: 10.14740/wjon970w. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF113] 113.Tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic colon cancer after treatment with 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin and oxaliplatin: case report and literature review. Kim HD, Ha KS, Woo IS, Jung YH, Han CW, Kim TJ. Cancer Res Treat. 2014;46:204–207. doi: 10.4143/crt.2014.46.2.204. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF114] 114.Tumour lysis syndrome: a rare acute presentation of locally advanced testicular cancer - case report and review of literature. Chow M, Yuwono A, Tan R. Asian J Urol. 2016;3:49–52. doi: 10.1016/j.ajur.2015.09.005. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF115] 115.Tumor lysis syndrome after tamoxifen flare. Cech P, Block JB, Cone LA, Stone R. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:263–264. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198607243150417. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF116] 116.Acute spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in adenocarcinoma of the lung: a case report. Feld J, Mehta H, Burkes RL. Am J Clin Oncol. 2000;23:491–493. doi: 10.1097/00000421-200010000-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF117] 117.Rapid tumour lysis syndrome in a metastatic colorectal cancer increased by treatment with irinotecan (CPT-11) Boisseau M, Bugat R, Mahjoubi M. Eur J Cancer. 1996;32:737–738. doi: 10.1016/0959-8049(95)00654-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF118] 118.Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome due to uterine leiomyosarcoma with lung metastases. Alaigh V, Datta D. Case Rep Crit Care. 2017;2017:4141287. doi: 10.1155/2017/4141287. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF119] 119.Tumour lysis syndrome occurring in a patient with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumour treated with glivec (Imatinib Mesylate, Gleevec, STI571) Pinder EM, Atwal GS, Ayantunde AA, Khan S, Sokal M, McCulloch T, Parsons SL. Sarcoma. 2007;2007:82012. doi: 10.1155/2007/82012. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF120] 120.Acute tumor lysis syndrome triggered by zoledronic Acid in a patient with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. Kurt M, Onal IK, Elkiran T, Altun B, Altundag K, Gullu I. Med Oncol. 2005;22:203–206. doi: 10.1385/MO:22:2:203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF121] 121.A case of metastatic testicular cancer complicated by tumour lysis syndrome and choriocarcinoma syndrome. Kawai K, Takaoka E, Naoi M, Mori K, Minami M, Shimazui T, Akaza H. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2006;36:665–667. doi: 10.1093/jjco/hyl078. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF122] 122.Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in solid tumors: really a rare condition? Vaisban E, Braester A, Mosenzon O, Kolin M, Horn Y. Am J Med Sci. 2003;325:38–40. doi: 10.1097/00000441-200301000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF123] 123.A case of spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with ovarian cancer. Okamoto K, Kinoshita T, Shimizu M, Okura I, Kawada A, Mizobuchi K, Ando M. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2015;2015:461870. doi: 10.1155/2015/461870. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF124] 124.Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic prostate cancer. Serling-Boyd N, Quandt Z, Allaudeen N. Mol Clin Oncol. 2017;6:589–592. doi: 10.3892/mco.2017.1186. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF125] 125.Tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic colon cancer after treatment with oxaliplatin and 5-Fu. Tseng RH, Wu CH, Wu KL, Lai GM, Lin JT. J Cancer Res Pract. 2016;3:124–127. [Google Scholar]

[REF126] 126.Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with newly diagnosed metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma. Berringer R. CJEM. 2018;20:0–3. doi: 10.1017/cem.2017.378. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF127] 127.Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in colon cancer: a case report and literature review. Sommerhalder D, Takalkar AM, Shackelford R, Peddi P. Clin Case Rep. 2017;5:2121–2126. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.1269. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF128] 128.Acute spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Shenoy C. QJM. 2009;102:71–73. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcn129. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF129] 129.Tumor lysis syndrome in a solid tumor: a case report of a patient with invasive thymoma. Lee JY, Lim SH, Lee JY, et al. Cancer Res Treat. 2013;45:343–348. doi: 10.4143/crt.2013.45.4.343. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF130] 130.Fatal acute tumor lysis syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy and flare phenomenon following combined androgen blockade. Tanvetyanon T, Choudhury AM. J Urol. 2004;171:1627. doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000115884.21275.f4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF131] 131.Acute tumor lysis syndrome associated with paclitaxel. Ustündağ Y, Boyacioğlu S, Haznedaroğlu IC, Baltali E. Ann Pharmacother. 1997;31:1548–1549. doi: 10.1177/106002809703101221. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF132] 132.Maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma presenting with fatal tumor lysis syndrome: a case report and review of the literature. Abboud M, Shamseddine A. Case Rep Oncol. 2009;2:229–233. doi: 10.1159/000260525. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF133] 133.Tumor lysis syndrome in nonhematopoietic neoplasms. Barton J. C. Cancer. 1989;64:738–740. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19890801)64:3<738::aid-cncr2820640328>3.0.co;2-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF134] 134.Tumor lysis syndrome in solid tumors. Mott FE, Esana A, Chakmakjian C, Herrington JD. Support Cancer Ther. 2005;2:188–191. doi: 10.3816/SCT.2005.n.012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF135] 135.Tumor lysis syndrome associated with chemotherapy in primary retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma by ex vivo ATP-based tumor chemo-sensitivity assay (ATP-TCA) Qian KQ, Ye H, Xiao YW, Bao YY, Qi CJ. Int J Gen Med. 2009;2:1–4. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF136] 136.Tumor lysis syndrome in gastrointestinal stromal tumor treated with the oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib: a case report. Jeng-Nian Y, Anna Fen-Yau L, Chih-Yen C. J Gastroenterol Res. 2017;1 [Google Scholar]

[REF137] 137.Tumor lysis syndrome after treatment with gemcitabine for metastatic transitional cell carcinoma. Lin CJ, Lim KH, Cheng YC, Chen HH, Wu CJ. Med Oncol. 2007;24:455–457. doi: 10.1007/s12032-007-0014-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF138] 138.Unprecedented case of tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Ling W, Sachdeva P, Wong AS, Lee SC, Zee YK. Pancreas. 2012;41:659–661. doi: 10.1097/MPA.0b013e3182327a16. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[REF139] 139.Acute tumor lysis syndrome after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma. Sharma D, Ren Z, Xia J, Ye S. Eur J Radiol Extra. 2006;58:49–51. [Google Scholar]

PERMALINK

Tumor Lysis Syndrome in Patients With Solid Tumors: A Systematic Review of Reported Cases

Riyadh M Alqurashi

Husam H Tamim

Ziyad D Alsubhi

Alyazid A Alzahrani

Emad Tashkandi

Abstract

Introduction and background

Table 1. Cairo-Bishop criteria for tumor lysis syndrome.

Review

Figure 1. PRISMA flowchart of our study selection.

Table 2. Characteristics of patients in the reported cases.

Table 3. Characteristics of the anti-cancer treatments .

Table 4. Clinical manifestations of TLS in patients with solid tumors.

Table 5. Management and clinical outcomes in reported cases .

Conclusions

Appendices

Table 6. Search methodology.

Table 7. Quality assessment of included studies.

Table 8. Characteristics of included studies.

Footnotes

References

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

Cite

Add to Collections

PERMALINK

Tumor Lysis Syndrome in Patients With Solid Tumors: A Systematic Review of Reported Cases

Riyadh M Alqurashi

Husam H Tamim

Ziyad D Alsubhi

Alyazid A Alzahrani

Emad Tashkandi

Abstract

Introduction and background

Table 1. Cairo-Bishop criteria for tumor lysis syndrome.

Review

Figure 1. PRISMA flowchart of our study selection.

Table 2. Characteristics of patients in the reported cases.

Table 3. Characteristics of the anti-cancer treatments .

Table 4. Clinical manifestations of TLS in patients with solid tumors.

Table 5. Management and clinical outcomes in reported cases .

Conclusions

Appendices

Table 6. Search methodology.

Table 7. Quality assessment of included studies.

Table 8. Characteristics of included studies.

Footnotes

References

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

Similar articles

Cited by other articles

Links to NCBI Databases