Figure 3.

Molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of AS-IV's antitumor effects. AS-IV increases apoptosis and autophagy and inhibits cell proliferation, invasion, migration, metastasis and EMT via signaling pathways including WNT/AKT/GSK-3β/CTNNB1, TGF-β/PI3K/AKT/mTOR, PI3K/MAPK/mTOR, PI3K/AKT/NF-κB, RAC1/RAS/MAPK/ERK, TNF-α/PKC/ERK1-2/NF-κB, IL-13/AMPK/TLR4 and Tregs/IL-11/STAT3. AS-IV, astragaloside-IV; Tregs, regulatory T cells; CTLS, cytotoxic T lymphocytes; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition; GSK, glycogen synthase kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; RAC1, Rac family small GTPase 1.