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. 2022 Nov 8;49(1):5. doi: 10.3892/or.2022.8442

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Copyright: © Zhou et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Figure 4. — Novel signaling pathways for the antitumor effects of AS-IV. Recently identified signaling pathways for the anticancer effects of AS-IV include pSMAD3C/3L, NRF2/HO-1, circDLST/miR-489-3p/EIF4A1 and HMGB1/TLR4, which inhibits M2-macrophage polarization. AS-IV, astragaloside-IV; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; HO-1, heme oxygenase 1; HQO-1, heme quinone oxidoreductase-1; EIF4A1, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A1; TRAF, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor; pSMAD3C, phosphor-SMAD family member 3C; pSMAD3L, phosphor-SMAD family member 3L; HMGB1, high mobility group box 1; circDLST, circRNA dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase.